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现代性问题构成黑格尔和马克思思想展开的基本主题。黑格尔将“理性”视为现代性的规范基础,以绝对理性的政治国家来扬弃形式理性的市民社会环节。在对市民社会的政治经济学批判中,历史唯物主义成为马克思思想的基本视域,马克思以“资本”作为现代性的本质范畴,否定了政治国家对经济基础的超越性,揭示了现代的精神原则和制度设置与资本主义生产方式之间的内在关联。市民社会与政治国家的关系构成了黑格尔和马克思现代性批判的共同切入点,同时也构成了他们现代性批判思想的内在限度。
The questions of modernity form the basic theme of Hegel and Marx’s thoughts. Hegel regarded “rationality” as the normative basis of modernity and subordinated formal and rational civil society links with an absolutely rational political state. In the critique of the political economy of civil society, historical materialism has become the basic horizon of Marx’s thought. With “capital” as the essential category of modernity, Marx denied the political state’s transcendence of economic base and revealed the modern spirit The principle and the institutional arrangement and the internal relations between capitalist mode of production. The relationship between civil society and political state constitutes the common starting point of Hegel’s and Marx’s criticism of modernity and at the same time constitutes the inherent limitation of their critique of modernity.