本文将五十年代中国农村由互助组到人民公社作为一个整体进行分析,试图从理论与实践两个方面理清人民公社运动与农业社会主义改造二者的内在关系。文章认为,人民公社运动的产生,与五十年代中国共产党农业社会主义改造理论中的某些偏见不无关系,与农业社会主义改造实践亦关系密切。从整体进行考察,既可认识当时党的农业发展理论的历史局限性,亦有助于理解当前中国农业改革的方针路线。 This article analyzes the rural China from mutual aid group to people’s commune as a whole in the 1950s, trying to sort out the internal relations between the people’s commune movement and the socialist transformation of agriculture from two aspects of theory and practice. The article holds that the emergence of the people’s commune movement has something to do with some prejudices in the theory of agricultural socialism transformation in the 1950s and is closely related to the practice of agricultural social transformation. A survey from the whole can not only recognize the historical limitations of the Party’s agricultural development theory at that time, but also help to understand the current guidelines for China’s agricultural reform.