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为了恢复二战后的全球经济，规范关税与贸易，《海牙协定》于1948年成立。在此基础上，世界贸易组织（以下简称WTO）于1995年成立。
WTO成立以来，一直以保障自由贸易、经济发展繁荣，商贸条款稳定以及没有任何政治上的巨变为基本宗旨。按照WTO的规定，所有加入WTO的国家必须执行《多方商贸协定》所规定的基本协议与法律文件。借助这个协定，WTO协调着大约97%的世界商品贸易与服务业。WTO还具有协调商业争端的职责，并专门设立机构，解决WTO成员国之间的贸易争端。
加入WTO的国家，能获得新的市场，但是同样也失去对自己市场的控制。其中，WTO的最大问题是富国与新兴国家的对抗。再加入WTO时，候选国家必须与世贸国家签订双方协议，商定加入条件，每一个世贸国家的同意是加入WTO的必须条件，这也延长了入世的时间。
加入WTO能对消费者产生最大的利益，比如商品价格降低、质量提高与商品种类、服务的增多等。而对于企业来说，加入世贸是双刃剑，机会与威胁并存。在获得进入国际市场的同时，也必须面对与国外企业的竞争。
毫无疑问的是，加入WTO对俄罗斯的建筑行业有着很大的影响。在俄罗斯，大量未建成、需要维修或拆迁的建筑、需要建设的地区以及大量住宅建设推动着建筑行业的发展，并使之成为国际市场上最有前景与吸引力的行业之一。
然而，加入WTO后，建筑材料生产厂家首先受到冲击。外国建材公司的出现使建材市场的竞争更为严酷，那些符合国际标准、能提供现代化设备的国外建材公司不会给本国的建材公司留下任何机会。如果要与国外公司竞争，那么俄罗斯本国建材业必须以最小的成本创造最大的竞争力。此外，如果国家不提高对建筑材料质量的要求，市场上将充斥国外价格低廉的商品，从而导致建筑质量的恶化。
至于建筑施工环节，加入WTO后的俄罗斯将继续增加仓储与商业中心，这将大幅度增加建筑工程的数量，而且各个地区的生活住宅建设也并未饱和。俄罗斯的建筑市场有其自身特点，最近几年，国外公司对俄罗斯本土建筑公司造成威胁的可能性不大。一方面，国外公司不知如何面对俄罗斯的现状；另一方面，俄罗斯大多数本国公司也很难与政府部门达成一致。这跟法治不完善有直接的关系，特别是《土地法》的完善，已经成为不能搁置的问题。但是国外大型建筑公司仍有机会进入俄罗斯市场，并改善市场结构，提高整体竞争能力以及建筑市场服务水平。
据2011年9月份建筑行业的调查表明，1/4的业内人士认为“入世”将带来正面效应，32%认为不会有任何改变，42%认为加入WTO将给俄罗斯建筑市场带来负面影响。这个统计也表明，一半以上的建筑业人士不怕加入WTO，也没看到明显的利益与损失，但是大多数的业内人士关注到了加入世贸的威胁。
在俄罗斯，由于不具备明确的法律基础以及很多漏洞的存在，通过国际标准与欧洲标准是一个极具挑战的问题。国家建筑协会正在根据国际标准修订俄罗斯国家标准，但在俄罗斯国家标准与国际标准之间存在很大的不同与争议。统一国家标准与欧洲标准、甚至与欧盟标准都不是那么简单可行（2010年，国家就预备批准国家新标准进行了讨论，但由于种种原因此事搁置到2015年）。国际标准的通过将影响到整个建筑服务行业，因为以国际标准为准绳的国外公司将可进军俄罗斯建筑行业。
评估入世后的俄罗斯建筑行业面临的是机遇还是难关是个非常复杂的问题，需要对其进行细致、精密的战略性研究。一方面，建筑市场大步飞跃的发展，国家将鼓励并协调建筑业的发展，并最终解决土地权限问题，这样俄罗斯也将获得竞争国外市场的机会国家；另一方面，为符合国际标准与WTO的相关要求，本国设计与建筑公司必须尽快将管理水平提高至全球标准的高度，并加快设备的现代化建设，做好进入国际市场的准备工作，因为与俄罗斯竞争的将是国际建筑行业的领军企业。
（作者系俄罗斯联邦莫斯科国立建筑大学《建筑综合安全》教研室教授，经济学博士）
Strategic Research on
Construction Industry
After Russia Joining WTO
Written by Borkovskaya V G Translated by Zhang Yi and Guo Qi
The Hague Agreement was established in 1948 for the purpose to recover global economy after World War II and to regulate custom duties and trade， based on which the World Trade Organization （hereafter referred to as WTO） was founded in 1995.
Since its foundation， WTO has always kept its goal of ensuring prosperous of free trade and economic development， ensuring stability of commercial terms and preventing any radical political change. According to its rules， all the countries that join WTO must implement the basic agreements and legal documents in Multilateral Trade Agreement. WTO coordinates approximately 97% transactions of global merchandise trade and service by this agreement. WTO also has responsibility of coordinating commercial disputes and thus specifically establishes institutions to dissolve trade disputes between member states of WTO. Countries in WTO can access to new markets but may lose control of its own market. The biggest problem of WTO is the confrontation of rich countries and emerging countries. If a country wants to join WTO， it must negotiate terms and sign agreements with member states as a candidate. It is a must-condition to join WTO that one acquires consents of each and every member state. And such process will prolong the time of joining WTO.
Consumers could receive greatest benefit from WTO such as lower merchandise price， better quality and more variety of goods and services. But for enterprises， there are both opportunities and threatens in WTO， where they have to face competition with foreign enterprises when entering the international market.
Without a doubt， the construction industry in Russia has been affected significantly since Russia joined WTO. In Russia， there are a lot of unfinished， repair-required， and demolished buildings， as well as residential or developing areas which are waiting for construction. All these potential projects could fuel the development of construction industry， which will become one of the most perspective and attractive industry in the global market.
However， after Russia joined WTO， the construction material producers are first impacted. Competition inside the construction material market became tougher with involvement of foreign companies， which meet international standards and can provide modernized equipments. No opportunity is left to domestic businesses in this competition with foreign companies unless the domestic construction industry could create maximized competitiveness with minimized costs. Besides， if the government does not raise the standard of construction material quality， vast amount of cheap materials will flow into the domestic market， which will lead to degradation of construction quality.
As to construction process， Russia in WTO will continuously build warehouses and commercial centers， which would substantially increase the number of construction projects. Plus， there are also a lot of residential projects to be constructed in every region. The construction market of Russia has its own features： On one hand， foreign businesses have no idea how to deal with current situation in Russia； on the other hand， most domestic businesses can barely reach agreement with government departments. This is due to incomplete legal system， especially the Land Law which is in need of immediate improvement. But big foreign construction companies are still able to get chance to enter the Russian market and to upgrade the market structure， and therefore to level-up the average competitiveness and the service standard of the construction market. According to a survey on construction industry in September 2011， 25% of industry insiders think joining WTO will bring positive effects， 32% think nothing will change， while 42% think there will be negative effects on the Russian construction market. This survey shows that over half of construction industry insiders are neither afraid of Russia joining WTO nor foresee any obvious benefit and loss， but the majority have paid attention to threats that come along with Russia entering WTO.
Due to lack of definite legal basis and existence of many loopholes， it is rather challenging in Russia to pass international and European standards. The National Building Society is revising the national standard of Russia based on the international standard. But there are huge differences and disputes between these two standards. It is not a simple and practical process to unify national standard with European standard or even EU standard. （The government prepared to discuss and pass a new national standard in 2010， but this matter has been delayed to 2015 for varies reasons.） The passing of international standard may affect the entire construction industry， because foreign businesses that always follow international standard will easily take up the Russian construction market.
It is complicated to assess the construction industry of Russia after it joining WTO. Careful and precise strategic research is necessary to determine whether we are facing an opportunity or a problem. On one hand， along with the saltant development of the construction market， the government will encourage and coordinate the pace of development and finally resolve the problem of land right， in order to obtain chances to compete in the oversea market； on the other hand， to meet requirements of international and WTO standard， domestic design and construction businesses must align their management level with international standard as soon as possible and speed up to modernize the construction of equipments， in order to be prepared to enter the international market， because the competitors Russia will confront are leaders in international construction industry.
（Borkovskaya V G， the author is professor of Department of Integrated Security in Construction of MGSU， PhD of economy.）
WTO成立以来，一直以保障自由贸易、经济发展繁荣，商贸条款稳定以及没有任何政治上的巨变为基本宗旨。按照WTO的规定，所有加入WTO的国家必须执行《多方商贸协定》所规定的基本协议与法律文件。借助这个协定，WTO协调着大约97%的世界商品贸易与服务业。WTO还具有协调商业争端的职责，并专门设立机构，解决WTO成员国之间的贸易争端。
加入WTO的国家，能获得新的市场，但是同样也失去对自己市场的控制。其中，WTO的最大问题是富国与新兴国家的对抗。再加入WTO时，候选国家必须与世贸国家签订双方协议，商定加入条件，每一个世贸国家的同意是加入WTO的必须条件，这也延长了入世的时间。
加入WTO能对消费者产生最大的利益，比如商品价格降低、质量提高与商品种类、服务的增多等。而对于企业来说，加入世贸是双刃剑，机会与威胁并存。在获得进入国际市场的同时，也必须面对与国外企业的竞争。
毫无疑问的是，加入WTO对俄罗斯的建筑行业有着很大的影响。在俄罗斯，大量未建成、需要维修或拆迁的建筑、需要建设的地区以及大量住宅建设推动着建筑行业的发展，并使之成为国际市场上最有前景与吸引力的行业之一。
然而，加入WTO后，建筑材料生产厂家首先受到冲击。外国建材公司的出现使建材市场的竞争更为严酷，那些符合国际标准、能提供现代化设备的国外建材公司不会给本国的建材公司留下任何机会。如果要与国外公司竞争，那么俄罗斯本国建材业必须以最小的成本创造最大的竞争力。此外，如果国家不提高对建筑材料质量的要求，市场上将充斥国外价格低廉的商品，从而导致建筑质量的恶化。
至于建筑施工环节，加入WTO后的俄罗斯将继续增加仓储与商业中心，这将大幅度增加建筑工程的数量，而且各个地区的生活住宅建设也并未饱和。俄罗斯的建筑市场有其自身特点，最近几年，国外公司对俄罗斯本土建筑公司造成威胁的可能性不大。一方面，国外公司不知如何面对俄罗斯的现状；另一方面，俄罗斯大多数本国公司也很难与政府部门达成一致。这跟法治不完善有直接的关系，特别是《土地法》的完善，已经成为不能搁置的问题。但是国外大型建筑公司仍有机会进入俄罗斯市场，并改善市场结构，提高整体竞争能力以及建筑市场服务水平。
据2011年9月份建筑行业的调查表明，1/4的业内人士认为“入世”将带来正面效应，32%认为不会有任何改变，42%认为加入WTO将给俄罗斯建筑市场带来负面影响。这个统计也表明，一半以上的建筑业人士不怕加入WTO，也没看到明显的利益与损失，但是大多数的业内人士关注到了加入世贸的威胁。
在俄罗斯，由于不具备明确的法律基础以及很多漏洞的存在，通过国际标准与欧洲标准是一个极具挑战的问题。国家建筑协会正在根据国际标准修订俄罗斯国家标准，但在俄罗斯国家标准与国际标准之间存在很大的不同与争议。统一国家标准与欧洲标准、甚至与欧盟标准都不是那么简单可行（2010年，国家就预备批准国家新标准进行了讨论，但由于种种原因此事搁置到2015年）。国际标准的通过将影响到整个建筑服务行业，因为以国际标准为准绳的国外公司将可进军俄罗斯建筑行业。
评估入世后的俄罗斯建筑行业面临的是机遇还是难关是个非常复杂的问题，需要对其进行细致、精密的战略性研究。一方面，建筑市场大步飞跃的发展，国家将鼓励并协调建筑业的发展，并最终解决土地权限问题，这样俄罗斯也将获得竞争国外市场的机会国家；另一方面，为符合国际标准与WTO的相关要求，本国设计与建筑公司必须尽快将管理水平提高至全球标准的高度，并加快设备的现代化建设，做好进入国际市场的准备工作，因为与俄罗斯竞争的将是国际建筑行业的领军企业。
（作者系俄罗斯联邦莫斯科国立建筑大学《建筑综合安全》教研室教授，经济学博士）
Strategic Research on
Construction Industry
After Russia Joining WTO
Written by Borkovskaya V G Translated by Zhang Yi and Guo Qi
The Hague Agreement was established in 1948 for the purpose to recover global economy after World War II and to regulate custom duties and trade， based on which the World Trade Organization （hereafter referred to as WTO） was founded in 1995.
Since its foundation， WTO has always kept its goal of ensuring prosperous of free trade and economic development， ensuring stability of commercial terms and preventing any radical political change. According to its rules， all the countries that join WTO must implement the basic agreements and legal documents in Multilateral Trade Agreement. WTO coordinates approximately 97% transactions of global merchandise trade and service by this agreement. WTO also has responsibility of coordinating commercial disputes and thus specifically establishes institutions to dissolve trade disputes between member states of WTO. Countries in WTO can access to new markets but may lose control of its own market. The biggest problem of WTO is the confrontation of rich countries and emerging countries. If a country wants to join WTO， it must negotiate terms and sign agreements with member states as a candidate. It is a must-condition to join WTO that one acquires consents of each and every member state. And such process will prolong the time of joining WTO.
Consumers could receive greatest benefit from WTO such as lower merchandise price， better quality and more variety of goods and services. But for enterprises， there are both opportunities and threatens in WTO， where they have to face competition with foreign enterprises when entering the international market.
Without a doubt， the construction industry in Russia has been affected significantly since Russia joined WTO. In Russia， there are a lot of unfinished， repair-required， and demolished buildings， as well as residential or developing areas which are waiting for construction. All these potential projects could fuel the development of construction industry， which will become one of the most perspective and attractive industry in the global market.
However， after Russia joined WTO， the construction material producers are first impacted. Competition inside the construction material market became tougher with involvement of foreign companies， which meet international standards and can provide modernized equipments. No opportunity is left to domestic businesses in this competition with foreign companies unless the domestic construction industry could create maximized competitiveness with minimized costs. Besides， if the government does not raise the standard of construction material quality， vast amount of cheap materials will flow into the domestic market， which will lead to degradation of construction quality.
As to construction process， Russia in WTO will continuously build warehouses and commercial centers， which would substantially increase the number of construction projects. Plus， there are also a lot of residential projects to be constructed in every region. The construction market of Russia has its own features： On one hand， foreign businesses have no idea how to deal with current situation in Russia； on the other hand， most domestic businesses can barely reach agreement with government departments. This is due to incomplete legal system， especially the Land Law which is in need of immediate improvement. But big foreign construction companies are still able to get chance to enter the Russian market and to upgrade the market structure， and therefore to level-up the average competitiveness and the service standard of the construction market. According to a survey on construction industry in September 2011， 25% of industry insiders think joining WTO will bring positive effects， 32% think nothing will change， while 42% think there will be negative effects on the Russian construction market. This survey shows that over half of construction industry insiders are neither afraid of Russia joining WTO nor foresee any obvious benefit and loss， but the majority have paid attention to threats that come along with Russia entering WTO.
Due to lack of definite legal basis and existence of many loopholes， it is rather challenging in Russia to pass international and European standards. The National Building Society is revising the national standard of Russia based on the international standard. But there are huge differences and disputes between these two standards. It is not a simple and practical process to unify national standard with European standard or even EU standard. （The government prepared to discuss and pass a new national standard in 2010， but this matter has been delayed to 2015 for varies reasons.） The passing of international standard may affect the entire construction industry， because foreign businesses that always follow international standard will easily take up the Russian construction market.
It is complicated to assess the construction industry of Russia after it joining WTO. Careful and precise strategic research is necessary to determine whether we are facing an opportunity or a problem. On one hand， along with the saltant development of the construction market， the government will encourage and coordinate the pace of development and finally resolve the problem of land right， in order to obtain chances to compete in the oversea market； on the other hand， to meet requirements of international and WTO standard， domestic design and construction businesses must align their management level with international standard as soon as possible and speed up to modernize the construction of equipments， in order to be prepared to enter the international market， because the competitors Russia will confront are leaders in international construction industry.
（Borkovskaya V G， the author is professor of Department of Integrated Security in Construction of MGSU， PhD of economy.）