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英语阅读中,有时作者并未把意图说出来,而是需要阅读者通过阅读理解整体语篇的基础上,根据字面意思,通过全篇逻辑关系,研究细节的暗示,推敲作者的态度,理解文章的寓义,这就是判断推理题。从历年的高考阅读理解题分析来看,一般可以归纳为五大题型:细节推断题、因果推断题、人物性格、态度及观点判断题、预测想象推理题和写作意图推测题。
高考;阅读理解;推理判断
[中图分类号]G634.41[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1009-9646(2011)08-0093-02
英语阅读中,有时作者并未把意图说出来,而是需要阅读者通过阅读理解整体语篇的基础上,根据字面意思,通过全篇逻辑关系,研究细节的暗示,推敲作者的态度,理解文章的寓义,这就是判断推理题。推理判断题属于主观性极强的高层次阅读理解题,做这类题目时,考生需要具备对事物进行归纳分类的能力,在获取信息事实后才能将已知细节加以分析,从而得出合理的判断。培养考生的判断推理能力可以从以下四方面着手:一是对理解词汇和结构本身的意义进行判断推理;二是对文章中的事实、现象进行归纳、推断可能得出的结论;三是通过文章的用词和修辞手段理解作者的立场、观点和写作目的;四是通过对话,推断对话双方的语气和对问题的不同看法。
从历年的高考阅读理解题分析来看,推理判断题所占的比例大概在7%-10%,一般可以归纳为五大题型:细节推断题、因果推断题、人物性格、态度及观点判断题、预测想象推理题和写作意图推测题。下面就这五大类型的题目进行剖析和例证。
一、细节推断题
要求考生根据语篇关系,推断具体细节,如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息,或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。
典例:2006年山东卷A篇
……Saunders has since become the youngest person to ski alone to the North Pole, and he’s skied more of the Arctic by himself than any other Briton. His old playmates would not believe the transformation.……
60. It can be inferred that Saunders’ journey to the North Pole_____.
A.was accompanied by his old playmates
B. set a record in the North Pole expedition
C. was supported by other Arctic explorers
D.made him well-known in the 1960s
[解析]答案是B。本小题是问从文章中推断出Saunder的北极之旅怎么样?根据上面文章所提供的信息:Saunder是到目前为止独自滑雪去北极的人中最年轻的一位,而且Saunder独自滑雪去北冰洋的地方比其他任何一个英国人都要多。由此细节,我们可以推断出Saunder的北极之旅在北极探险中是创造了一个记录。
二、因果推断题
要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵,理解文章的真正含义。
典例:2009年四川卷B篇
……Although our situation was very bad, it’s difficult to feel too sorry for yourself when you look at what’s happening elsewhere. I watched a news report about floods in Northern India and thought.“We didn’t have a straw hut(茅草房)that was swept away, and our house is still standing. We’re lucky.” ……
47. Why does the author say that they were lucky in the third paragraph ?
A.Because her situation was not serious.
B.Because many other paces were flooded.
C.Because she had been to Northern India.
D.Because some others suffered even more.
[解析]答案是D。作者提到I watched a news report about floods in Northern India and thought.“We didn’t have a straw hut(茅草房)that was swept away, and our house is still standing. We’re lucky.”,从这两句话可以推断出作者说他们是幸运的原因了。
三、人物性格、态度及观点判断题
高考阅读测试中有些是考查考生对作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作者或文中人物态度、观点等方面的理解题。做这一类题时一定要注意:由表及里的准确把握字里行间的意思,切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点;特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言,以及表达感情、态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措词,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词;能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。
典例:2006年全国卷D篇
……Art is now together with my piano playing and reading. There is a time for everything in my world, and it is wonderful to have some time doing what I want to do. As Confucius once said,“At seventy I can follow my heart’s desire.”
72. How does the author probably feel about his life as an artist?
A. Very enjoyable.
B. A bit regretful.
C. Rather busy.
D. Fairly dull.
[解析]答案是A。根据文章的最后一段可知绘画、读书、弹钢琴成了作者退休生活中不可或缺的一部分。由此可以推断选项A才是作者的感觉。
四、预测想象推理题
有些内容文章中没有明确说明,要求考生根据语篇,对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写,也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述),从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测。
典例:2007年天津卷A篇
The city of Rome has passed a new to prevent cruelty to animals. All goldfish bowls are no longer allowed and dog owners must walk their dogs. ……
36. The new law passed in Rome will _____
A.help improve fishing environment
B.guarantee better conditions for goldfish
C.stop people from catching goldfish
D.discourage keeping goldfish at home
[解析]答案是B。文章第一段指出罗马通过了一项新的法律,禁止对动物的残忍行为,不允许再用鱼缸饲养金鱼。由此可推断,这项新的法律会确保金鱼有更好的生存条件。
五、写作意图推测题
此题型要求考生根据文章的论述,推测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图,而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象,客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这种题型要求同学们不但能理解文章的内容,同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的写作方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。
典例:2011年某省考卷A篇
……Now the pleasure of learning Jane Austen knew it, keeping in its streets and public buildings the well-ordered world that she described so well in her novels.……After your visit to the Centre, you can……You can also have walking tours of Jane Austen’s Bath, ……
58.The author writes this passage in order to________.
A.attract readers to visit the city of Bath
B.ask readers to buy Austen's books
C.tell readers about Jane Austen's experience
D.give a brief introduction to the Jane Austen Society
[解析]答案是A。从这篇文章上面所节选出来的信息,可以推断出The author is suggesting the readers visit to Bath.
判断推理是一种创造性的思维活动,但它并非无章可循,可以在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上,吃透文章的字面意思,对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工,以文章提供的事实和线索为依据,把握句、段之间的逻辑关系。然后通过分析、综合、判断等方法进行深层处理,这样就可以做出符合逻辑的推理判断。
高考;阅读理解;推理判断
[中图分类号]G634.41[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1009-9646(2011)08-0093-02
英语阅读中,有时作者并未把意图说出来,而是需要阅读者通过阅读理解整体语篇的基础上,根据字面意思,通过全篇逻辑关系,研究细节的暗示,推敲作者的态度,理解文章的寓义,这就是判断推理题。推理判断题属于主观性极强的高层次阅读理解题,做这类题目时,考生需要具备对事物进行归纳分类的能力,在获取信息事实后才能将已知细节加以分析,从而得出合理的判断。培养考生的判断推理能力可以从以下四方面着手:一是对理解词汇和结构本身的意义进行判断推理;二是对文章中的事实、现象进行归纳、推断可能得出的结论;三是通过文章的用词和修辞手段理解作者的立场、观点和写作目的;四是通过对话,推断对话双方的语气和对问题的不同看法。
从历年的高考阅读理解题分析来看,推理判断题所占的比例大概在7%-10%,一般可以归纳为五大题型:细节推断题、因果推断题、人物性格、态度及观点判断题、预测想象推理题和写作意图推测题。下面就这五大类型的题目进行剖析和例证。
一、细节推断题
要求考生根据语篇关系,推断具体细节,如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息,或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。
典例:2006年山东卷A篇
……Saunders has since become the youngest person to ski alone to the North Pole, and he’s skied more of the Arctic by himself than any other Briton. His old playmates would not believe the transformation.……
60. It can be inferred that Saunders’ journey to the North Pole_____.
A.was accompanied by his old playmates
B. set a record in the North Pole expedition
C. was supported by other Arctic explorers
D.made him well-known in the 1960s
[解析]答案是B。本小题是问从文章中推断出Saunder的北极之旅怎么样?根据上面文章所提供的信息:Saunder是到目前为止独自滑雪去北极的人中最年轻的一位,而且Saunder独自滑雪去北冰洋的地方比其他任何一个英国人都要多。由此细节,我们可以推断出Saunder的北极之旅在北极探险中是创造了一个记录。
二、因果推断题
要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵,理解文章的真正含义。
典例:2009年四川卷B篇
……Although our situation was very bad, it’s difficult to feel too sorry for yourself when you look at what’s happening elsewhere. I watched a news report about floods in Northern India and thought.“We didn’t have a straw hut(茅草房)that was swept away, and our house is still standing. We’re lucky.” ……
47. Why does the author say that they were lucky in the third paragraph ?
A.Because her situation was not serious.
B.Because many other paces were flooded.
C.Because she had been to Northern India.
D.Because some others suffered even more.
[解析]答案是D。作者提到I watched a news report about floods in Northern India and thought.“We didn’t have a straw hut(茅草房)that was swept away, and our house is still standing. We’re lucky.”,从这两句话可以推断出作者说他们是幸运的原因了。
三、人物性格、态度及观点判断题
高考阅读测试中有些是考查考生对作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作者或文中人物态度、观点等方面的理解题。做这一类题时一定要注意:由表及里的准确把握字里行间的意思,切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点;特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言,以及表达感情、态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措词,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词;能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。
典例:2006年全国卷D篇
……Art is now together with my piano playing and reading. There is a time for everything in my world, and it is wonderful to have some time doing what I want to do. As Confucius once said,“At seventy I can follow my heart’s desire.”
72. How does the author probably feel about his life as an artist?
A. Very enjoyable.
B. A bit regretful.
C. Rather busy.
D. Fairly dull.
[解析]答案是A。根据文章的最后一段可知绘画、读书、弹钢琴成了作者退休生活中不可或缺的一部分。由此可以推断选项A才是作者的感觉。
四、预测想象推理题
有些内容文章中没有明确说明,要求考生根据语篇,对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写,也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述),从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测。
典例:2007年天津卷A篇
The city of Rome has passed a new to prevent cruelty to animals. All goldfish bowls are no longer allowed and dog owners must walk their dogs. ……
36. The new law passed in Rome will _____
A.help improve fishing environment
B.guarantee better conditions for goldfish
C.stop people from catching goldfish
D.discourage keeping goldfish at home
[解析]答案是B。文章第一段指出罗马通过了一项新的法律,禁止对动物的残忍行为,不允许再用鱼缸饲养金鱼。由此可推断,这项新的法律会确保金鱼有更好的生存条件。
五、写作意图推测题
此题型要求考生根据文章的论述,推测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图,而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象,客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这种题型要求同学们不但能理解文章的内容,同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的写作方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。
典例:2011年某省考卷A篇
……Now the pleasure of learning Jane Austen knew it, keeping in its streets and public buildings the well-ordered world that she described so well in her novels.……After your visit to the Centre, you can……You can also have walking tours of Jane Austen’s Bath, ……
58.The author writes this passage in order to________.
A.attract readers to visit the city of Bath
B.ask readers to buy Austen's books
C.tell readers about Jane Austen's experience
D.give a brief introduction to the Jane Austen Society
[解析]答案是A。从这篇文章上面所节选出来的信息,可以推断出The author is suggesting the readers visit to Bath.
判断推理是一种创造性的思维活动,但它并非无章可循,可以在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上,吃透文章的字面意思,对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工,以文章提供的事实和线索为依据,把握句、段之间的逻辑关系。然后通过分析、综合、判断等方法进行深层处理,这样就可以做出符合逻辑的推理判断。