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1215年《大宪章》中的人和自由权是一个重要问题。从1215年《大宪章》问世到17世纪对自由人和自由的理解有一个变化。《大宪章》对自由人未作解释,文章分析了13世纪至18世纪英国的社会阶层,认为13世纪时自由人大致应包括僧俗贵族、自由农民,但仅为人口中不固定数量的少数,柯克则把自由人扩充为包括佃农的人口大多数。1215年的自由权是权贵的特权,而到柯克则是个人自由。这种变化和同时期宪政思想的发展息息相关。西方的权利和自由从最初就体现在某些特定对象身上,发展中国宪政,在借鉴西方经验的同时还需探讨纯粹西方语境下的宪政是否适合中国的问题。
The issue of human rights and freedoms in the 1215 Magna Carta is an important issue. From the advent of the Magna Carta in 1215 to the understanding of the free man and liberty in the seventeenth century, there has been a change. The Magna Carta did not explain to the free man. The article analyzes the social strata in England from the 13th to the 18th century. It considers that in the 13th century the free man should generally include monks and nobility, free peasants, but only an infinitesimal number of the population, Kirk, on the other hand, expanded the free man to include the majority of tenants. The freedom of 1215 is the privilege of the elite, but to Kirk is personal freedom. This change is closely related to the development of constitutional thought in the same period. The rights and freedoms of the West have been embodied in some specific objects from the very beginning. Developing constitutional government in China needs to explore the suitability of constitutionalism in China in the purely Western context while drawing lessons from Western experience.