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航空发动机是飞机的心脏,而涡轮叶片是航空发动机核心部件之一,被誉为“皇冠上的明珠”。涡轮叶片的制备工艺从早期的挤压、锻造发展为铸造,经历了等轴晶叶片、定向凝固柱状晶叶片和单晶叶片三个发展阶段。作为最为先进的单晶叶片,其性能水平成为一种型号发动机先进程度的重要标志,在一定意义上,也是一个国家航空工业水平的显著标志[1-4]。文章通过检索国内外铸造单晶叶片的专利文献,分析发现,铸造单晶叶片从最早的功率降低法进行冷却,逐渐发展为空冷法、液态金属冷却法;启晶方式由早期的晶种启晶的方式逐渐发展为现在主流的铜盘冷却方式;选晶方式主要有转折式和螺旋式选晶,并以螺旋选晶器为主。
Aircraft engine is the heart of the aircraft, and turbine blades is one of the core components of aviation engines, known as the “crown jewel.” Turbine blade preparation process from the early extrusion, forging development for the casting, has experienced equiaxed leaf blade, directional solidification of the columnar blade and single crystal leaf three stages of development. As the most advanced single-crystal blade, its performance level has become an important symbol of the advanced level of the engine model, in a certain sense, it is also a significant indicator of the national aviation industry level [1-4]. After searching the patent literature of single-crystal casting blade at home and abroad, the article found that the single-crystal casting blade was cooled from the earliest power reduction method and gradually developed into air-cooling method and liquid metal cooling method. The way has gradually developed into the mainstream of the copper plate cooling method; the main choice of crystal transitional and spiral selection of crystal, and the main spiral selector.