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清末“预备立宪”,起于1904年日俄战争前后立宪派和部分官僚的吁请,经过五大臣出洋考察政治,至1906年9月正式宣布。在整个“预备立宪”期间,清廷统治集团内部关于立宪问题的争论始终存在,并形成清末政争的主体。对于清末政争,史学界歧见颇多,而笔者认为:清末“预备立宪”前后的清廷政争既不是立宪与不立宪之争,更不是满汉之争、权利之争,或新旧之
In the late Qing Dynasty, “constitutional constitutionalism” began with the appeals of the constitutionalists and some bureaucrats before and after the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, and was formally announced by the five ministers in his inspection of politics in September 1906. During the entire period of “constitutional constitutionalism,” there has always been a dispute over the issue of constitutional constitution within the Qing ruling group and the formation of the main body of the dispute in the late Qing Dynasty. For the late Qing government, there were a lot of disagreements between the historians and scholars. In my opinion, the Qing government’s controversy before and after the “preparatory constitutional” in the late Qing Dynasty was neither a constitutional or an unconstitutional struggle, nor a dispute between Manchu and Han, a dispute over rights,