直肠癌的发病率,在胃肠道肿瘤中,仅次于胃癌。而直肠癌的发病率不断上升。手术治疗一直是直肠癌的首选治疗。但是,近30年来,尽管外科及麻醉技术有很大发展,而直肠癌根治术后,至少有一半患者死于局部复发和远处转移,其预后并未改观。近年来,不少学者,探求手术与放疗、化疗 The incidence of rectal cancer is second only to gastric cancer in gastrointestinal cancer. The incidence of rectal cancer is rising. Surgical treatment has always been the treatment of choice for rectal cancer. However, in the past 30 years, despite the development of surgical and anesthetic techniques, at least half of the patients who died after radical resection of the rectal cancer died of local recurrence and distant metastasis. Their prognosis has not changed. In recent years, many scholars have explored surgery and radiotherapy and chemotherapy