Aim: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a promising candidate for cardiac re-placement therapies. However, the majority of transplanted MSC are readily lost after transplantation because of poor blood supply, ischemia-reperfusion, and inflammatory factors. We aimed to study the effects of hypoxia preconditioning (HPC) on hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis of MSC. Methods: Three generations of MSC were divided into 6 groups, including the normal group, hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) group, cyclosporine A (CsA), and the HPC 10 min, 20 min, and 30 min groups. The apoptotic index, cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, translocation of Bcl-2 and bax, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), Akt, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α, and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were tested after H/R treatment. Results: HPC decreased the apoptotic index and increased the viability induced by H/R. Moreover, HPC markedly stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential, upregulated Bcl-2 and VEGF expressions, and increased the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt. As a positive control, CsA has the same function as HPC, except for promoting ERK and Akt phosphorylation and upregulating VEGF. Conclusion: HPC had a protective effect against MSC apoptosis induced by H/R via stabilizing mitochondrial membrane potential, upregulating Bcl-2 and VEGF, and promoting ERK and Akt phosphorylation. HPC has implications for the development of novel stem cell protective strategies.