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地方官缺等级之划分是职官制度研究的重要内容。清代地方道、府、厅、州、县等级制度,是由“冲、繁、疲、难”四要素制度与“最要缺、要缺、中缺、简缺”四等级制度构成的。二者原为两种不同的划分官缺等级的方法,在订定的时间、等级的划分、目的和适用范围上各不相同,以致二者的关系在初期比较混乱。乾隆初年,划一两种制度,按照官缺所占冲繁疲难项数的多少,定四项者为最要缺,三项者为要缺,二项者为中缺,一项或无项者为简缺。这不仅标志着清代道、府、厅、州、县等级制度的最终确定,使延续近两千年的划分地方官缺等级的制度臻于完善,同时也使皇帝、吏部与督抚三者之间的权力分配达到均衡。
The division of the local bureaucratic hierarchy is an important part of the study of the official system. The system of hierarchy of prefectural, prefectural, prefectural, prefectural and prefectural levels in the Qing dynasty is composed of four elements of the system of “Chong, Fan, Fatigue and Difficulties”, the most deficient, the deficient, the deficient, the deficient " System The two methods were originally two different methods for classifying government bureaucratic rankings. They differed from one another in terms of time, level of division, purpose and scope of application, so that the relationship between the two was chaotic in the initial stage. In the early years of Qianlong, one or two systems were adopted. According to the number of the total number of wastage caused by the official vacancies, four were the most needed, three were deficient, two were vacant, one or none Items are short. This not only marked the final determination of the hierarchy of the Taoism, Prefecture, Office, State and County in the Qing Dynasty, but also perfected the system of delamination of local bureaucracies that lasted for nearly two thousand years. At the same time, it also made the system of the emperor, the ministry and the governor The distribution of power between the equilibrium.