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自冷战结束以来,苏联解体的原因和教训一直是国际学术界争论的一个焦点问题,在苏联解体20周年之后,人们仍然在围绕这一问题展开广泛的争论。在讨论苏联解体的原因时,各国学者都认为这是一个非常复杂的问题,是多种因素共同起作用的结果。既有苏联的国内因素,其中包括戈尔巴乔夫的个人因素,也有外部因素、特别是西方国家所起的作用。然而,由于受到档案解密期限的限制,目前能够看到的20世纪80—90年代的俄国档案文件并不多。因此,无论是政治家还是学者,所依据的,主要还是当时媒体上的公开信息,以及诸多当事人的回忆。公开的信息可以看到事情的表象,但难以深入其内幕,当事人的回忆又带有过多的个人情感色彩,特别是是在如此重大的政治动荡中。要把苏联解体和共产党失去政权的原因搞清楚,首先就要把这一事件的历史过程搞清楚,而要把历史过程搞清楚,就需要依靠对历史档案的解读。在沈志华教授1990年代中期收集的冷战时期苏联历史档案中,有一些涉及戈尔巴乔夫改革时期历史的文件,尽管数量不多,但也可以看出一些端倪。
Since the end of the Cold War, the reasons and lessons of the Soviet Union’s disintegration have always been a focus issue in the international academic debate. After the 20th anniversary of the Soviet Union’s dissolution, people are still engaged in extensive debates over this issue. When discussing the reasons for the dissolution of the Soviet Union, all scholars in the world considered it a very complex issue as a result of various factors working together. Both the domestic factors of the Soviet Union, including Gorbachev’s personal factors, but also external factors, especially the role of Western countries. However, there are not many Russian archives currently available in the 1980s and 1990s due to restrictions on the duration of file decryption. Therefore, no matter politicians or scholars, it is mainly based on the public information in the media at that time and the memories of many parties. Public information can see the appearance of things, but it is difficult to go deep into its inside, the parties memories with too much personal emotion, especially in such a major political turmoil. To understand the reasons for the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party’s loss of power, we must first understand the historical process of this incident. To understand the historical process, we must rely on the interpretation of historical records. Among the Soviet historical archives collected during the Cold War period collected by Professor Shen Zhihua in the mid-1990s were documents that dealt with the history of Gorbachev’s reform period, although a small number, we can also find some clues.