１８世纪下半叶，当美国忙于独立战争时，英国、法国、荷兰、葡萄牙、西班牙等西方资本主义国家已经开始了与中国的贸易。尽管此时的中国清朝统治者仍漠视西方工业革命以来的巨大变化，仍迷恋于传统的农业手工业操作，不愿接受世界先进事物，相信“天朝物产丰盈，无所不有，原 In the second half of the 18th century, when the United States was busy with the War of Independence, western capitalist countries such as Britain, France, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain began their trade with China. Although the Chinese rulers at this time still ignored the tremendous changes since the industrial revolution in the West, they were still infatuated with traditional agricultural handicraft operations and reluctant to accept the world’s advanced things. They believed that "the abundance of heavenly products, omnipresent, original