德国地处北欧。进入15世纪;它的手工业、采矿业、纺织业、商业和农业迅速发展,资本主义生产关系开始在经济发达的纽伦堡、奥格斯堡、科隆等大城市中萌芽。随着市民阶层的利益上升,中世纪固定的社会秩序开始瓦解,教会也因宗教改革失去以往的中心地位。但德国却被无数个独立的诸侯国和帝国城市所割据,从未形成一个共同的经济和政治中心,各阶级、各派别之间的利害关系错综复杂,使其经济和政 Germany is located in northern Europe. It entered the 15th century; its handicraft industry, mining industry, textile industry, commerce and agriculture developed rapidly. Capitalist relations of production began to germinate in the economically developed large cities such as Nuremberg, Augsburg and Cologne. As the interests of the general public increased, the fixed social order in the Middle Ages started to collapse, and the church lost its previous central position due to the religious reform. However, Germany was divided by innumerable independent vassal states and imperial cities and never formed a common economic and political center. The interests of all classes and factions were so complicated that their economy and politics