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第七章1949年以前中国的科学基础和1949年以后学习苏联的简况虽然中国古代的科学技术有着辉煌的成就,但是,到了近代,当科学在文艺复兴以后的欧洲取得长足进展的时候,由于种种原因,中国的科学与技术却大大落后于西方。鸦片战争之后,当局才觉悟到向西方学习先进的科学技术的必要性。开始是西方传教士的传播,到了20世纪以后,尤其是1911年孙中山领导的辛亥革命胜利后,中国陆续派遣了相当数量的留学生到美国和西欧学习,这种派遣直到1949年以前。他们中的绝大多数都先后回国,其中部分人是在1949年以后回国的。这批留学生对中国的大学教育和科学研究工作起了相当关键的作用。中国最早的现代化的大学建立于19世纪末。到1949年以前,中国已有各类大学205所,其中有能力开展科学研究的约有三四十所。最早的学术团体约在20世纪初开始建立。1916年成立的中央地质调
Chapter VII The Scientific Basis of China Before 1949 and the Brief History of Studying the Soviet Union after 1949 Although ancient science and technology in China had brilliant achievements, in modern times, when science made great strides in the post-Renaissance Europe, The reason is that science and technology in China have lagged far behind the West. After the Opium War, the authorities realized the necessity of learning advanced science and technology from the west. The beginning was the spread of Western missionaries. After the victory of the 1911 Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen in the 20th century, China sent a considerable number of foreign students to study in the United States and Western Europe until 1949. Most of them returned to China one after the other, some of whom returned after 1949. These students have played a very crucial role in China's university education and scientific research. China's earliest modern university was established in the late 19th century. By 1949, China had 205 universities of various kinds, of which about thirty or forty were capable of carrying out scientific research. The earliest academic groups started around the turn of the 20th century. Central geological survey established in 1916