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Stem cells are known to maintain sternness at least in part through secreted factors that promote stem-like phenotypes in resident cells.Accumulating evidence has clarified that stem cells release nano-vesicles,known as exosomes,which may serve as mediators of cell-to-cell communication and may potentially transmit stem cell phenotypes to recipient cells,facilitating stem cell maintenance,differentiation,self-renewal,and repair.It has become apparent that stem cell-derived exosomes mediate interactions among stromal elements,promote genetic instability in recipient cells,and induce malignant transformation.This review will therefore discuss the potential of stem cell-derived exosomes in the context of stromal remodeling and their ability to generate cancer-initiating cells in a tumor niche by inducing morphologic and functional differentiation of fibroblasts into tumor-initiating fibroblasts.In addition,the immunosuppressive potential of stem cell-derived exosomes in cancer immunotherapy and their prospective applications in cell-free therapies in future translational medicine is discussed.
Stem cells are known to maintain sternness at least in part through secreted factors that promote stem-like phenotypes in resident cells. Accumulating evidence has clarified that stem cells release nano-vesicles, known as exosomes, which may serve as a mediators of cell- to- cell communication and may possibly transmit stem cell phenotypes to recipient cells, facilitating stem cell maintenance, differentiation, self-renewal, and repair. It has been apparent that stem cell-derived exosomes mediate interactions among stromal elements, promote genetic instability in recipient cells, and induce malignant transformation. This review will therefore discuss the potential of stem cell-derived exosomes in the context of stromal remodeling and their ability to generate cancer-initiating cells in a tumor niche by inducing morphologic and functional differentiation of fibroblasts into tumor-initiating fibroblasts In addition, the immunosuppressive potential of stem cell-derived exosomes in cancer immunothera py and their prospective applications in cell-free therapies in future translational medicine are discussed.