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学习是一个积极主动的双向建构过程:一方面,通过使用先前知识,学习者建构当前事物的意义,以超越所给的信息;另一方面,被利用的先前知识不是从记忆中原封不动地提取,而是本身也要根据具体实例的变异性而受到重新建构。由于要进行这种双向建构,学习者必须积极参与学习,必须时刻保持认知灵活性。当代美国著名心理学家凯利(Kelly.G.A)认为:“第一,个人建构是不断发展、变化和完善的,可推陈出新,不断提高。第二,个人建构因人而异,在他看来,现实是各人所理解和知觉到的现实,面对同一现实,不同的人会有不同的反应。”儿童是主动的学习者,真正的学习并不是由教师传授给儿童,而是出自儿童本身,应让儿童自发地和主动地进行学习。
Learning is a proactive two-way construction process: On the one hand, through the use of previous knowledge, learners construct the meaning of the current thing to surpass the given information; on the other hand, the prior knowledge that was used is not intact from the memory. Extracting itself, however, has to be reconstructed based on the variability of specific instances. Because of this two-way construction, learners must actively participate in learning and must maintain cognitive flexibility at all times. The contemporary American psychologist Kelly.GA believes that: “First, individual construction is continuous development, change, and perfection. It can be innovative and continuous. Second, personal construction varies from person to person. In his view, Reality is a reality that everyone understands and perceives. In the face of the same reality, different people will respond differently.” Children are active learners, and real learning is not taught to children by teachers, but Children themselves should allow children to learn spontaneously and actively.