Cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide. With the advances made in basic cancer research and clinical oncology, there are five major therapies for most cancers in the clinic, namely surgery, cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiotherapy, precision therapy and immunotherapy. Although there is a trend of declining incidence and mortality for some of the common cancers (e.g., prostate, breast, lung, and colon cancers) in developed countries, cancer still poses a major threat to public health and socio-economic development, especially in developing countries. Therefore, there is an urgent need for developing comprehensive, effective, and safe approaches to improve the outcome of clinical management of patients with cancer. Recognizing that there are limited options in our toolbox for fighting with cancer, academic researchers and clinicians are searching for new strategies for establishing foundation of personalized cancer medicine, in which nutritional intervention is becoming a rising star.