Mesozoic (125 Ma) Fangcheng basalts from Shandong Province contain clearly zoned olivines that are rare in terrestrial samples and provide first evidence for the replacement of lithospheric mantle from high-Mg peridotites to low-Mg per-idotites through peridotite-melt reaction.Zoned olivines have compositions in the core (Mg#=87.2—90.7) similar to those olivines from the mantle peridotitic xenoliths entrained in Ceno-zoic basalts from the North China craton and in the rim (Mg#=76.8—83.9) close to olivine henocrysts of the host basalts (75.7—79.0). These compositional features as well as rounded crystal shapes and smaller grain sizes (30—800 μm) demon-strate that these zoned olivines are mantle xenocrysts, i.e. disag-gregates of mantle peridotites. Their core compositions can represent those of olivines of mantle peridotites. The zoned texture of olivines was formed through rapid reaction between the olivine xenocryst and the host basalt. This olivine-basaltic melt reaction could have been ubiquitous in the Mesozoic lithospheric mantle beneath the North China craton, i.e. an important type of the replacement of lithospheric mantle. The reaction resulted in the transformation of the Paleozoic refractory (high-Mg) peridotites to the late Mesozoic fertile (Iow-Mg) and radiogenic isotope-enriched peridotites, leading to the loss of old lithospheric mantle. Mesozoic (125 Ma) Fangcheng basalts from Shandong Province contain clearly zoned olivines that are rare in terrestrial samples and provide first evidence for the replacement of lithospheric mantle from high-Mg peridotites to low-Mg per-idotites through peridotite-melt reaction. Zoned olivines have compositions in the core (Mg # = 87.2-90.7) similar to those olivines from the mantle peridotitic xenoliths entrained in Ceno-zoic basalts from the North China craton and in the rim (Mg # = 76.8-83.9) close to olivine henocrysts of These hostal basalts (75.7-79.0). These compositional features as well as rounded crystal shapes and smaller grain sizes (30-800 μm) demon-strate that these zoned olivines are mantle xenocrysts, ie disag-gregates of mantle peridotites. Their core compositions can represent those of olivines of mantle peridotites. The zoned texture of olivines was formed through rapid reaction between the olivine xenocryst and the host basalt. This olivine-basaltic melt reaction cou The reaction resulted in the transformation of the Paleozoic refractory (high-Mg) peridotites to the late Mesozoic fertile (Iow- Mg) and radiogenic isotope-enriched peridotites, leading to the loss of old lithospheric mantle.