论文部分内容阅读
高考英语阅读理解，记叙文是座上客，而说明文，与其比肩。剩下来的就是议论文以及应用文，这也是阅读理解中两大重要体裁。
三、议论文
“议论文”为何议论啊？其实是为说理，几乎全部之议论文都少不了一个“理”。议论文由观点和支持观点的材料两部分组成。做议论文的阅读理解，关键是“抓点”。观点一出，结构就会容易变清晰，在“积极性”导向下就会很快选对答案。
（一）题材：人性
To err is human. To blame the other guy is even more human.
Common sense is not all that common.
Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse?
These three popular misquotes（戏谑的引语）are meant to be jokes, and yet they tell us a lot about human nature. To err, or to make mistakes, is indeed a part of being human, but it seems that most people don’t want to accept the responsibility for having made a mistake. They naturally look for someone else who could be responsible for the problem. Perhaps it is the natural thing to do. The original quote about human nature went like this: “To err is human, to forgive, divine（ 神圣的）.” This saying mirrors an ideal: people should be forgiving of others’mistakes. Instead, we tend to do the opposite － find someone else to pass the blame onto. However, taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a mark of great maturity.
Common sense is what we call clear thought. Having common sense means having a good general plan that will make things work well, and it also means staying with the plan. Common sense tells you that you take an umbrella out into a rainstorm, but you leave the umbrella home when you hear a weather forecast for sunshine. Common sense does not seem to be common for large organizations, because there are so many things going on that one person cannot be in charge of everything. People say that in a large company,“ the right hand does not know what the left hand is doing.”And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art? One of common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time. There is a corollary(直接推论)to that: if a good excuse is“ good” even if it isn’t honest,then where is the place of the truth?
1. According to the passage, which of the following seems the most human?
A. To search for truth.
B. To achieve one’s ideal.
C. To make fun of others’mistakes.
D. To criticize others for one’s own error.
2. According to the author, what is a sign of a man’s maturity?
A. Doing things his own way.
B. Bearing responsibility for his mistakes.
C. Making as few mistakes as possible.
D. Thinking seriously about his wrongdoings.
3. Which of the following is NOT based on commonsense?
A.A man tries to take charge of everything in a large company.
B.A student goes out with an umbrella in stormy weather.
C.A company’s next move follows good plan.
D.A lawyer acts on fine judgments.
4. What is the author’s opinion about a good excuse?
A. Making a good excuse is sometimes a better policy.
B. Inventing a good excuse needs creative ideas.
C. A good excuse is as rewarding as honesty.
D. Bitter truth is better than a good excuse.
5. What would be the best title for this passage?
A. A Mirror of Human Nature
B. To Blame or to Forgive
C.A Mark of Maturity
D. Truth or Excuse ________（ 2010 年高考天津卷）
这篇文章开头以三句戏谑语引文，有些同学急于将三句话进行关联，不可也。所谓阅读理解，乃先阅读才理解。必须阅读到意义浮现或者意义暗示时，我们才开始“抓点”，否则容易误入“幻城”，远离作者。
请注意：接下来讲解时，三句戏谑语算作引文，不作为段落处理。
第1 题：刚刚讲了，做议论文的阅读理解最根本的是“抓点”，而要“抓点”，必须上下“打量”一下。每段首句快速扫读可以发现：该文引文处三句分别对应正文三段，即可感到轻松许多。如此，这一题根据题干中的“human”可知答案仅需在正文第一段中定位解决。此题A、C 两项在段落中完全未有提及，而且A 项与正文第三段似乎才有关联，与此段“人之常情”无关，排除；B 项段落中有提到ideal，但意思大相径庭：段落中说的是前句谚语反映了一种理想：人们应该原谅他人的错误。紧接其后又说，我们却是做着相反的事情——找个替罪羊，这说明推诿责任更加“人之常情”，而非B 项中说的去实现“原谅他人”的理想。这样答案D 项也就出来，因为自己的错误批评他人和文意不谋而合。英语较好的人在读到正文第一段三、四句的时候，答案也可以锁定。但有时就是这样子：我们在排除另一个选项时，不经意间带出了正确答案。
第2 题：根据“maturity”去定位，结合四个选项中的mistakes, wrongdoings 等关联词可知定位段依然是第一段“犯错”段。由该段最后一句taking responsibility for...is a mark of great maturity 选定答案B 项。A、C、D 三项皆为无中生有项。
第3 题：看到常识“common sense”可知答案在第二段，再看选项发现，B、C、D 三项都是常识，只有A 项，未基于常识，从该段第四句中也可以找到答案。B 项在该段有完全对应的内容；C 项在段落中有plan 的关联，意义正确；D 项为“合理出生”项，根据本身常识即知其为意义正确项，这样的“合理出生”在阅读理解中鲜见，但不绝迹，一般紧锁意义或者如此题为一般常识。
第4 题：看到“excuse”可知答案在第三段。A项段落中未提及；B 项，该段第一句的一个问句就告诉你，作者不认同；该段第二句同时否定了C 项；最后一句支持了D 项，故D 项为正确答案。最后一句的意思是，如果一个好的借口是“可以”的，即使它不是诚实的，那真相的位置在哪？说明作者追求的是真相，否决的是借口，D 项最佳。
第5 题：这题很简单，B、C、D 三项分别对应上面的第1 题、第2 题和第4 题，说明都是片面的，只有A 项统领全篇，为正确答案。“定标题”型的出题，防片面是根本解题方向。
（二）题材：高等教育的费用
The Cost of Higher Education
Individuals ( 个人) should pay for their higher education.
A university education is of huge and direct benefit to the individual. Graduates earn more than nongraduates. Meanwhile, social mobility is ever more dependent on having a degree. However, only some people have it. So the individual, not the taxpayers, should pay for it. There are pressing calls on the resources( 资源) of the government. Using taxpayers’money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them.
Full government funding ( 资助) is not very good for universities. Adam Smith worked in a Scottish university whose teachers lived off student fees. He knew and looked down upon 18th-century Oxford, where the academics lived comfortably off the income received from the government. Guaranteed salaries, Smith argued, were the enemy of hard work; and when the academics were lazy and incompetent, the students were similarly lazy.
If students have to pay for their education, they not only work harder, but also demand more from their teachers. And their teachers have to keep them satisfied. If that means taking teaching seriously, and giving less time to their own research interests, that is surely something to celebrate.
Many people believe that higher education should be free because it is good for the economy ( 经济).Many graduates clearly do contribute to national wealth, but so do all the businesses that invest ( 投资) and create jobs. If you believe that the government should pay for higher education because graduates are economicallyproductive, you should also believe that the governmentshould pay part of business costs. Anyone promisingto create jobs should receive a gift of capital from thegovernment to invest. Therefore, it is the individual,not the government, who should pay for their universityeducation.
1. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2refers to________
A. taxpayers ________________B. pressing calls
C. college graduates ________D. government resources
2. The author thinks that with full governmentfunding________
A. teachers are less satisfied
B. students are more demanding
C. students will become more competent
D. teachers will spend less time on teaching
3. The author mentions businesses in Paragraph 5 inorder to________
A. argue against free university education
B. call on them to finance students' studies
C. encourage graduates to go into business
D. show their contribution to higher education
（2010 年高考北京卷）
第1 题：这种指代题和词义句意猜测题做法类似，读关键词辐射的前后一两句。通过定位发现在第二段的最后一句：There are pressing calls on the resources ofthe government. Using taxpayers’money to help a smallnumber of people to earn high incomes in the future is notone of them. 有些同学面对长句子，可能会担心理解出错，笔者建议你对长句进行适当压缩或改写，但无论是压缩还是改写，都必须在不改变句子主干部分意义的情况下进行，譬如此句可改为：There are pressingcalls. Using taxpayers’money is not one of them. 这样them 指代什么甚是明了（答案为B 项）。阅读理解中，经常会要分析长句，进行成分压缩乃是理解的王道。
第2 题：此题四个选项，A、B 两项和C、D 两项构成语法差异，A、B 两项为“are”型，C、D 两项为“will”型；同时A、D 两项和B、C 两项又构成了语意差异，A、D 两项为“less”型，意思可界定为偏负面，B、C 两项为“more”型，意思可界定为偏正面。根据题干with 的一般语法，从语感和语法的角度来判断，从C、D 两项中选更符合英语实际；而根据本文作者开门见山就亮明的观点，说明作者认为是个体而非政府来支付高等教育的费用，可本题的题干问的却是全部由政府来支付会怎样，这与作者的观点正好对立，说明全部由政府来支付，在作者认为会带来负面效果，故从语意差异的两组中，我们应该在A、D 两项中选。这样，结合语法差异和语意差异，我们就能得出答案为D 项。你也可以根据关键词fullgovernment funding 去定位，通过阅读第三段来获得答案，但会多耗时。这样的差异化判断，可在平时解题中多加留意，培养自己的感觉。
第3 题：根据第五段，作者通过将高等教育与商业方面的投资进行类比论证，得出了第六段的结论：个人而非政府应该支付高等教育的费用，与开头呼应，说明作者在第五段提到商业的目的主要还是为了证明其观点，所以A 项“反对免费的大学教育”为正确答案。B、C 两项未有涉及，D 项在作者进行类比时沾了点边，但远非目的。
四、应用文
高考英语阅读理解中的广告、旅游指南、公告、演出海报、航班时间表、规章制度等等，我们可以统统将它们纳入应用文这一类型。对于应用文，完全不必从头到尾仔细阅读，因为一般应用文出题都是就某一方面进行提问。所以可以有针对性地定位阅读相关部分快速找到答案。但要做好应用文的阅读理解，还需要两个额外条件：一是必要的文化背景知识，因为应用文常使用简略句式，而且内容多涉及生活实际，有一定的文化背景知识可以帮助你更好更快地理解其内容；二是了解一些缩略语，因为大部分应用文用词简练，有时为了节省篇幅，可能较多使用缩略语，如Tel. =telephone number, VIP=very important persons,hrs=hours, MA=Master of Arts（文学硕士）等。
（一）题材：招聘
C W U
The communications union
Head of Research
Salary: ￡55. 271
We are looking for a Head of Research to manage theCWU Research Department and Information Centre.You would be required to exercise control of allresearch work of the department and manage ateam of three researchers and four support staff.
The person appointed would be expected to carryout research work of a strategic nature across therange of businesses in which the CWU has or seeksmembership and to contribute to the strategicthinking and direction of the union as a whole.
You will need: proven line management skills,especially in managing and motivating a team;good research skills, holding a good degree in arelated subject or other similar experience; ahigh level of mathematical and calculating skills;the ability to produce high quality work underpressure; a commitment to and knowledge ofthe trade union movement and social domesticpolitics; and knowledge and/or experience ofthe postal and/or telecommunication industry.To apply, please request an application pack byemailing hr@cwu.org or by telephoning HR (Human Resources ) on 020 8971 7482. When applyingplease state your source.
Closing Date for Applications: 4th August 2010
Anticipated interview date: 17th August 2010
No agencies please
1. In which column of a newspaper could we findthis advertisement?
A. Arts. B. Sales. C. Jobs. D. News.
2. One of the duties of the person to be appointed is________.
A. taking charge of research work
B. seeking membership for the trade union
C. managing a team of three or four members
D. running a telecommunication company
3. If you wish to apply for this position, you can doall EXCEPT________ .
A. ask an agency for an application form
B. dial 020 8971 7482 for more information
C. email hr@cwu.org for an application pack
D. send in your application before 4th August 2010
4. Which of the following applicants is most likelyto be employed?
A. A school teacher with a master’s degree.
B. A university graduate majoring in computerscience.
C. A director from a research center with amaster’s degree.
D. A clerk from a telecommunications company
（2010 年高考江西卷）
第1 题：此题比较简单，快速看一下可以发现开始处标题是Head of Research, 又提到salary, 结尾处又有application 和interview 字样，首句又说we arelooking for...，诸多信息都可以说明这是一则招聘广告。故应该出现在报纸上的Jobs 求职栏，答案选C.
第2 题：A 项文中有对应，在第一段的第二句：You would be required to exercise control of all researchwork of the department，为正确答案；B 项的这项职责根据第二段第一句：in which the CWU has or seeksmembership，可知是CWU 这个集体做这个事情而非要聘用的人the person to be appointed 去做；C 项这项职责叙述有误，应该为manage a team of three researchersand four support staff，而非3 个或4 个会员，而据文中信息，会员更倾向于指的是拥有membership 的businesses，对理解出现问题的学生会构成较大干扰；最后此题的D 项完全无中生有，文中第三段虽有telecommunications 这个词，但这一段统统都是讲应聘者必须具备的条件，与其将要担当的职责完全两码事。
第3 题：这题也很简单，根据apply 顺次定位至第四段寻找答案，而文中最后一句No agencies please 十分醒目，说明A 项错误，正是符合题干要except 的选项；B、C、D 三项都可以在第四段至文章末尾找到对应。
第4 题：这四个选项就好比四个applicants，比较一下可以发现，C 项最符合条件，不仅有degree还有research experience，而且还是个director（主任），条件最优。A、B、D 三个选项都或有1 至2 项吻合，与C 项条件差距大。
（二）题材：海关过境限制及所需证件
BORDER
CROSSINGS
While there are no restrictions on the amount ofmoney that you can bring across the border, you must report to both the US and Canadian border servicesamounts equal to or greater than $10.000.
PERSONAL EXEMPTIONS（免税）ON
PURCHASES
AMERICANS RETURNING TO THE US
Less than 48 hours: $ 200 US
48 hours or more:
$ 800 US duty-free personal exemption.
next $ 1.000 US at 3%
Including up to 100 cigars and 100 cigarettes.
CANADIANS RETURNING TO CANADA
Less than 24 hours: $ 50 CAN
48 hours or more: $ 400 CAN
Including up to 100 cigars and 200 cigarettes.
7 days or more: $ 750 CAN
Including up to 100 cigars and 200 cigarettes.
DOCUMENTATION NEEDED FOR
BORDER CROSSING
LAND OR SEA TO THE US(INCLUDINGFERRIES)
A valid passport or passport card, or a NEXUScard.
(A NEXUS card is a Trusted Traveler Programthat provides quick travel for pre-approved, low risk travelers through special lanes.)
A recent Washington State, New York or BC driver’s license.
Note: Children 15 years of age and younger require only a birth certificate or copy.(Certified copies are not required but are advised.)
AIR TRAVEL TO THE US
A valid passport, an Air NEXUS card, or a U.S.Coast Guard Merchant Marine Document.
1. If a Canadian who is on a 7-day trip to New York buys $ 800 CAN worth of goods, how much should he pay tax on when returning home?
A. $ 800 CAN B. $750 CAN
C.$ 400 CAN D. $ 50 CAN
2. For an American citizen on a 2-day tour of Canada, how much tax does he have to pay on $ 1,600US worth of purchases when returning to the US?
A. $ 24 USB. $ 48 US
C. $52 USD. $ 200 US
3. What documentation should a couple with a7-year-old child carry when they drive a car from Canada to America? w_w w. k#s5_u.c o*m
A.A BC driver’s license, an Air NEXUS card, and a birth certificate.
B. An Air NEXUS card, a U.S. Coast Guard Merchant Marine Document, and a birth certificate.
C. Two valid passport cards and a certified copy of a birth certificate.
D. A NEXUS card, a U.S. Coast Guard Merchant Marine Document, and a certified copy of a birth certificate.
（ 2010年高考江苏卷）
第1 题：加拿大人回加拿大，到CANADIANS RETURNING TO CANADA 处找，是a 7-day trip，所以有$750CAN 免税，因而$800CAN 的商品只需要对$50CAN 进行征税，题干pay tax on 是对……征税的意思，故答案选D.
第2 题：美国人回美国， 到AMERICANS RETURNING TO THE US 处找，是a 2-day tour，所以$1,600US 的商品，有$800US 免税，所以只需对其余的$800US 进行征税，适用税率3%，题干问的是所需缴纳的税款，故用$800US*3%=$24US，答案选A.
第3 题：哪些是should carry 的呢？题干给出三个信息：一、一对夫妇；二、7 岁的孩子；三、开车去。A 项和B 项中的an Air NEXUS card，B 项和D 项中的a U.S. Coast Guard Merchant Marine Document 都是坐飞机去美国应该携带的，所以答案选C。有人会说怎么没driver’s license 呢？文中讲是要带的，但是题干问的是应该携带什么，C 项都是应该携带的。一般来讲，穿过美加边境，有护照就OK，但有驾照更保险，不过并非人人都有护照，所以有时带驾照没护照也可能放行，但会让你多滞留会核实身份。
阅读理解“脑电波”主要提供给你极致详细的解题思路，来让你举一反三。记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文基本上可以概括高考英语阅读理解的全部体裁。分各种体裁来讲述，只是帮助你增加对特定体裁的特点和出题感觉的把握，但反过来，你在解题时并不需要首先判断是何种体裁，但如需判断也有一定的参照：比如记叙文有几大要素如who，how，what 等等；说明文有说明的对象；议论文有说理，有理存在；应用文有自己独特的格式、简洁的语言和常见的缩略形式等。不管怎么说，阅读理解是分数“巨无霸”，一定要搞定它。解题时永远遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”之原则，同时决不能进入“幻城”。
三、议论文
“议论文”为何议论啊？其实是为说理，几乎全部之议论文都少不了一个“理”。议论文由观点和支持观点的材料两部分组成。做议论文的阅读理解，关键是“抓点”。观点一出，结构就会容易变清晰，在“积极性”导向下就会很快选对答案。
（一）题材：人性
To err is human. To blame the other guy is even more human.
Common sense is not all that common.
Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse?
These three popular misquotes（戏谑的引语）are meant to be jokes, and yet they tell us a lot about human nature. To err, or to make mistakes, is indeed a part of being human, but it seems that most people don’t want to accept the responsibility for having made a mistake. They naturally look for someone else who could be responsible for the problem. Perhaps it is the natural thing to do. The original quote about human nature went like this: “To err is human, to forgive, divine（ 神圣的）.” This saying mirrors an ideal: people should be forgiving of others’mistakes. Instead, we tend to do the opposite － find someone else to pass the blame onto. However, taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a mark of great maturity.
Common sense is what we call clear thought. Having common sense means having a good general plan that will make things work well, and it also means staying with the plan. Common sense tells you that you take an umbrella out into a rainstorm, but you leave the umbrella home when you hear a weather forecast for sunshine. Common sense does not seem to be common for large organizations, because there are so many things going on that one person cannot be in charge of everything. People say that in a large company,“ the right hand does not know what the left hand is doing.”And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art? One of common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time. There is a corollary(直接推论)to that: if a good excuse is“ good” even if it isn’t honest,then where is the place of the truth?
1. According to the passage, which of the following seems the most human?
A. To search for truth.
B. To achieve one’s ideal.
C. To make fun of others’mistakes.
D. To criticize others for one’s own error.
2. According to the author, what is a sign of a man’s maturity?
A. Doing things his own way.
B. Bearing responsibility for his mistakes.
C. Making as few mistakes as possible.
D. Thinking seriously about his wrongdoings.
3. Which of the following is NOT based on commonsense?
A.A man tries to take charge of everything in a large company.
B.A student goes out with an umbrella in stormy weather.
C.A company’s next move follows good plan.
D.A lawyer acts on fine judgments.
4. What is the author’s opinion about a good excuse?
A. Making a good excuse is sometimes a better policy.
B. Inventing a good excuse needs creative ideas.
C. A good excuse is as rewarding as honesty.
D. Bitter truth is better than a good excuse.
5. What would be the best title for this passage?
A. A Mirror of Human Nature
B. To Blame or to Forgive
C.A Mark of Maturity
D. Truth or Excuse ________（ 2010 年高考天津卷）
这篇文章开头以三句戏谑语引文，有些同学急于将三句话进行关联，不可也。所谓阅读理解，乃先阅读才理解。必须阅读到意义浮现或者意义暗示时，我们才开始“抓点”，否则容易误入“幻城”，远离作者。
请注意：接下来讲解时，三句戏谑语算作引文，不作为段落处理。
第1 题：刚刚讲了，做议论文的阅读理解最根本的是“抓点”，而要“抓点”，必须上下“打量”一下。每段首句快速扫读可以发现：该文引文处三句分别对应正文三段，即可感到轻松许多。如此，这一题根据题干中的“human”可知答案仅需在正文第一段中定位解决。此题A、C 两项在段落中完全未有提及，而且A 项与正文第三段似乎才有关联，与此段“人之常情”无关，排除；B 项段落中有提到ideal，但意思大相径庭：段落中说的是前句谚语反映了一种理想：人们应该原谅他人的错误。紧接其后又说，我们却是做着相反的事情——找个替罪羊，这说明推诿责任更加“人之常情”，而非B 项中说的去实现“原谅他人”的理想。这样答案D 项也就出来，因为自己的错误批评他人和文意不谋而合。英语较好的人在读到正文第一段三、四句的时候，答案也可以锁定。但有时就是这样子：我们在排除另一个选项时，不经意间带出了正确答案。
第2 题：根据“maturity”去定位，结合四个选项中的mistakes, wrongdoings 等关联词可知定位段依然是第一段“犯错”段。由该段最后一句taking responsibility for...is a mark of great maturity 选定答案B 项。A、C、D 三项皆为无中生有项。
第3 题：看到常识“common sense”可知答案在第二段，再看选项发现，B、C、D 三项都是常识，只有A 项，未基于常识，从该段第四句中也可以找到答案。B 项在该段有完全对应的内容；C 项在段落中有plan 的关联，意义正确；D 项为“合理出生”项，根据本身常识即知其为意义正确项，这样的“合理出生”在阅读理解中鲜见，但不绝迹，一般紧锁意义或者如此题为一般常识。
第4 题：看到“excuse”可知答案在第三段。A项段落中未提及；B 项，该段第一句的一个问句就告诉你，作者不认同；该段第二句同时否定了C 项；最后一句支持了D 项，故D 项为正确答案。最后一句的意思是，如果一个好的借口是“可以”的，即使它不是诚实的，那真相的位置在哪？说明作者追求的是真相，否决的是借口，D 项最佳。
第5 题：这题很简单，B、C、D 三项分别对应上面的第1 题、第2 题和第4 题，说明都是片面的，只有A 项统领全篇，为正确答案。“定标题”型的出题，防片面是根本解题方向。
（二）题材：高等教育的费用
The Cost of Higher Education
Individuals ( 个人) should pay for their higher education.
A university education is of huge and direct benefit to the individual. Graduates earn more than nongraduates. Meanwhile, social mobility is ever more dependent on having a degree. However, only some people have it. So the individual, not the taxpayers, should pay for it. There are pressing calls on the resources( 资源) of the government. Using taxpayers’money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them.
Full government funding ( 资助) is not very good for universities. Adam Smith worked in a Scottish university whose teachers lived off student fees. He knew and looked down upon 18th-century Oxford, where the academics lived comfortably off the income received from the government. Guaranteed salaries, Smith argued, were the enemy of hard work; and when the academics were lazy and incompetent, the students were similarly lazy.
If students have to pay for their education, they not only work harder, but also demand more from their teachers. And their teachers have to keep them satisfied. If that means taking teaching seriously, and giving less time to their own research interests, that is surely something to celebrate.
Many people believe that higher education should be free because it is good for the economy ( 经济).Many graduates clearly do contribute to national wealth, but so do all the businesses that invest ( 投资) and create jobs. If you believe that the government should pay for higher education because graduates are economicallyproductive, you should also believe that the governmentshould pay part of business costs. Anyone promisingto create jobs should receive a gift of capital from thegovernment to invest. Therefore, it is the individual,not the government, who should pay for their universityeducation.
1. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2refers to________
A. taxpayers ________________B. pressing calls
C. college graduates ________D. government resources
2. The author thinks that with full governmentfunding________
A. teachers are less satisfied
B. students are more demanding
C. students will become more competent
D. teachers will spend less time on teaching
3. The author mentions businesses in Paragraph 5 inorder to________
A. argue against free university education
B. call on them to finance students' studies
C. encourage graduates to go into business
D. show their contribution to higher education
（2010 年高考北京卷）
第1 题：这种指代题和词义句意猜测题做法类似，读关键词辐射的前后一两句。通过定位发现在第二段的最后一句：There are pressing calls on the resources ofthe government. Using taxpayers’money to help a smallnumber of people to earn high incomes in the future is notone of them. 有些同学面对长句子，可能会担心理解出错，笔者建议你对长句进行适当压缩或改写，但无论是压缩还是改写，都必须在不改变句子主干部分意义的情况下进行，譬如此句可改为：There are pressingcalls. Using taxpayers’money is not one of them. 这样them 指代什么甚是明了（答案为B 项）。阅读理解中，经常会要分析长句，进行成分压缩乃是理解的王道。
第2 题：此题四个选项，A、B 两项和C、D 两项构成语法差异，A、B 两项为“are”型，C、D 两项为“will”型；同时A、D 两项和B、C 两项又构成了语意差异，A、D 两项为“less”型，意思可界定为偏负面，B、C 两项为“more”型，意思可界定为偏正面。根据题干with 的一般语法，从语感和语法的角度来判断，从C、D 两项中选更符合英语实际；而根据本文作者开门见山就亮明的观点，说明作者认为是个体而非政府来支付高等教育的费用，可本题的题干问的却是全部由政府来支付会怎样，这与作者的观点正好对立，说明全部由政府来支付，在作者认为会带来负面效果，故从语意差异的两组中，我们应该在A、D 两项中选。这样，结合语法差异和语意差异，我们就能得出答案为D 项。你也可以根据关键词fullgovernment funding 去定位，通过阅读第三段来获得答案，但会多耗时。这样的差异化判断，可在平时解题中多加留意，培养自己的感觉。
第3 题：根据第五段，作者通过将高等教育与商业方面的投资进行类比论证，得出了第六段的结论：个人而非政府应该支付高等教育的费用，与开头呼应，说明作者在第五段提到商业的目的主要还是为了证明其观点，所以A 项“反对免费的大学教育”为正确答案。B、C 两项未有涉及，D 项在作者进行类比时沾了点边，但远非目的。
四、应用文
高考英语阅读理解中的广告、旅游指南、公告、演出海报、航班时间表、规章制度等等，我们可以统统将它们纳入应用文这一类型。对于应用文，完全不必从头到尾仔细阅读，因为一般应用文出题都是就某一方面进行提问。所以可以有针对性地定位阅读相关部分快速找到答案。但要做好应用文的阅读理解，还需要两个额外条件：一是必要的文化背景知识，因为应用文常使用简略句式，而且内容多涉及生活实际，有一定的文化背景知识可以帮助你更好更快地理解其内容；二是了解一些缩略语，因为大部分应用文用词简练，有时为了节省篇幅，可能较多使用缩略语，如Tel. =telephone number, VIP=very important persons,hrs=hours, MA=Master of Arts（文学硕士）等。
（一）题材：招聘
C W U
The communications union
Head of Research
Salary: ￡55. 271
We are looking for a Head of Research to manage theCWU Research Department and Information Centre.You would be required to exercise control of allresearch work of the department and manage ateam of three researchers and four support staff.
The person appointed would be expected to carryout research work of a strategic nature across therange of businesses in which the CWU has or seeksmembership and to contribute to the strategicthinking and direction of the union as a whole.
You will need: proven line management skills,especially in managing and motivating a team;good research skills, holding a good degree in arelated subject or other similar experience; ahigh level of mathematical and calculating skills;the ability to produce high quality work underpressure; a commitment to and knowledge ofthe trade union movement and social domesticpolitics; and knowledge and/or experience ofthe postal and/or telecommunication industry.To apply, please request an application pack byemailing hr@cwu.org or by telephoning HR (Human Resources ) on 020 8971 7482. When applyingplease state your source.
Closing Date for Applications: 4th August 2010
Anticipated interview date: 17th August 2010
No agencies please
1. In which column of a newspaper could we findthis advertisement?
A. Arts. B. Sales. C. Jobs. D. News.
2. One of the duties of the person to be appointed is________.
A. taking charge of research work
B. seeking membership for the trade union
C. managing a team of three or four members
D. running a telecommunication company
3. If you wish to apply for this position, you can doall EXCEPT________ .
A. ask an agency for an application form
B. dial 020 8971 7482 for more information
C. email hr@cwu.org for an application pack
D. send in your application before 4th August 2010
4. Which of the following applicants is most likelyto be employed?
A. A school teacher with a master’s degree.
B. A university graduate majoring in computerscience.
C. A director from a research center with amaster’s degree.
D. A clerk from a telecommunications company
（2010 年高考江西卷）
第1 题：此题比较简单，快速看一下可以发现开始处标题是Head of Research, 又提到salary, 结尾处又有application 和interview 字样，首句又说we arelooking for...，诸多信息都可以说明这是一则招聘广告。故应该出现在报纸上的Jobs 求职栏，答案选C.
第2 题：A 项文中有对应，在第一段的第二句：You would be required to exercise control of all researchwork of the department，为正确答案；B 项的这项职责根据第二段第一句：in which the CWU has or seeksmembership，可知是CWU 这个集体做这个事情而非要聘用的人the person to be appointed 去做；C 项这项职责叙述有误，应该为manage a team of three researchersand four support staff，而非3 个或4 个会员，而据文中信息，会员更倾向于指的是拥有membership 的businesses，对理解出现问题的学生会构成较大干扰；最后此题的D 项完全无中生有，文中第三段虽有telecommunications 这个词，但这一段统统都是讲应聘者必须具备的条件，与其将要担当的职责完全两码事。
第3 题：这题也很简单，根据apply 顺次定位至第四段寻找答案，而文中最后一句No agencies please 十分醒目，说明A 项错误，正是符合题干要except 的选项；B、C、D 三项都可以在第四段至文章末尾找到对应。
第4 题：这四个选项就好比四个applicants，比较一下可以发现，C 项最符合条件，不仅有degree还有research experience，而且还是个director（主任），条件最优。A、B、D 三个选项都或有1 至2 项吻合，与C 项条件差距大。
（二）题材：海关过境限制及所需证件
BORDER
CROSSINGS
While there are no restrictions on the amount ofmoney that you can bring across the border, you must report to both the US and Canadian border servicesamounts equal to or greater than $10.000.
PERSONAL EXEMPTIONS（免税）ON
PURCHASES
AMERICANS RETURNING TO THE US
Less than 48 hours: $ 200 US
48 hours or more:
$ 800 US duty-free personal exemption.
next $ 1.000 US at 3%
Including up to 100 cigars and 100 cigarettes.
CANADIANS RETURNING TO CANADA
Less than 24 hours: $ 50 CAN
48 hours or more: $ 400 CAN
Including up to 100 cigars and 200 cigarettes.
7 days or more: $ 750 CAN
Including up to 100 cigars and 200 cigarettes.
DOCUMENTATION NEEDED FOR
BORDER CROSSING
LAND OR SEA TO THE US(INCLUDINGFERRIES)
A valid passport or passport card, or a NEXUScard.
(A NEXUS card is a Trusted Traveler Programthat provides quick travel for pre-approved, low risk travelers through special lanes.)
A recent Washington State, New York or BC driver’s license.
Note: Children 15 years of age and younger require only a birth certificate or copy.(Certified copies are not required but are advised.)
AIR TRAVEL TO THE US
A valid passport, an Air NEXUS card, or a U.S.Coast Guard Merchant Marine Document.
1. If a Canadian who is on a 7-day trip to New York buys $ 800 CAN worth of goods, how much should he pay tax on when returning home?
A. $ 800 CAN B. $750 CAN
C.$ 400 CAN D. $ 50 CAN
2. For an American citizen on a 2-day tour of Canada, how much tax does he have to pay on $ 1,600US worth of purchases when returning to the US?
A. $ 24 USB. $ 48 US
C. $52 USD. $ 200 US
3. What documentation should a couple with a7-year-old child carry when they drive a car from Canada to America? w_w w. k#s5_u.c o*m
A.A BC driver’s license, an Air NEXUS card, and a birth certificate.
B. An Air NEXUS card, a U.S. Coast Guard Merchant Marine Document, and a birth certificate.
C. Two valid passport cards and a certified copy of a birth certificate.
D. A NEXUS card, a U.S. Coast Guard Merchant Marine Document, and a certified copy of a birth certificate.
（ 2010年高考江苏卷）
第1 题：加拿大人回加拿大，到CANADIANS RETURNING TO CANADA 处找，是a 7-day trip，所以有$750CAN 免税，因而$800CAN 的商品只需要对$50CAN 进行征税，题干pay tax on 是对……征税的意思，故答案选D.
第2 题：美国人回美国， 到AMERICANS RETURNING TO THE US 处找，是a 2-day tour，所以$1,600US 的商品，有$800US 免税，所以只需对其余的$800US 进行征税，适用税率3%，题干问的是所需缴纳的税款，故用$800US*3%=$24US，答案选A.
第3 题：哪些是should carry 的呢？题干给出三个信息：一、一对夫妇；二、7 岁的孩子；三、开车去。A 项和B 项中的an Air NEXUS card，B 项和D 项中的a U.S. Coast Guard Merchant Marine Document 都是坐飞机去美国应该携带的，所以答案选C。有人会说怎么没driver’s license 呢？文中讲是要带的，但是题干问的是应该携带什么，C 项都是应该携带的。一般来讲，穿过美加边境，有护照就OK，但有驾照更保险，不过并非人人都有护照，所以有时带驾照没护照也可能放行，但会让你多滞留会核实身份。
阅读理解“脑电波”主要提供给你极致详细的解题思路，来让你举一反三。记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文基本上可以概括高考英语阅读理解的全部体裁。分各种体裁来讲述，只是帮助你增加对特定体裁的特点和出题感觉的把握，但反过来，你在解题时并不需要首先判断是何种体裁，但如需判断也有一定的参照：比如记叙文有几大要素如who，how，what 等等；说明文有说明的对象；议论文有说理，有理存在；应用文有自己独特的格式、简洁的语言和常见的缩略形式等。不管怎么说，阅读理解是分数“巨无霸”，一定要搞定它。解题时永远遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”之原则，同时决不能进入“幻城”。