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逻辑经验主义认为观察是对象的直接感知,是中性可靠的,描述观察事实的命题与观察对象是同构的;建立在经验知觉基础之上的“观察渗透理论”颠覆了逻辑经验主义观察中立观,认为具有光学特征的图象和具有概念特征的语言是构成观察不可少的要素,语言在观察中的作用就是把观察中的图象与观察者背景知识连接做出陈述,从而使观察具有意义。研究观察语言,特别是特殊语境中的语言,是避免重复鉴定的逻辑方法。
Logical empiricism regards observation as the direct perception of the object and is neutral and reliable. The propositions describing the observed fact are isomorphic to the observed object. The theory of osmosis based on empirical perception subverts the logic of empiricism Observing the concept of neutrality, it is considered that the image with the optical characteristics and the language with the conceptual characteristics constitute the essential elements of the observation. The function of the language in the observation is to make the connection between the observed image and the observer’s background knowledge so that Observation makes sense. Studying the language of observation, especially in specific contexts, is the logical way to avoid double identification.