了解学生的心理和认知特点。刚升入中学的学生学习上出现障碍,一下子不适应初中的学习和生活。他们在小学都依靠作业进行学习,而初中作业只占学习的一部分内容,更需要学生钻研课本、自己动手查阅收集资料、开拓途径获得各种相关信息。因此,教师就要多向学生强调作业形式的多样化,并给予一些学生感兴趣的现象或话题,让学生课后通过各种途径收集资料或解决问题,鼓励他们主动参与、乐于探究、勤于动手,增强处理和收集相关信息的能力,与此同时还可以增进同学间的交流和友谊。掌握学生已有的认知水平。“以学定教”是现代教学 Understand the student’s psychological and cognitive characteristics. Students just entered secondary school learning obstacles, all of a sudden not suited to junior high school learning and life. They all rely on homework to study in primary schools. However, junior high school assignments are only part of the study. Students are also required to study textbooks and do their own research to collect information and explore ways to obtain relevant information. Therefore, teachers should emphasize to students more diversified forms of work, and give some students are interested in the phenomenon or topic, so that after school students through various channels to collect information or solve problems, encourage them to take the initiative to explore, diligent in exploring Hands-on, enhancing the ability to process and gather relevant information, while also enhancing exchanges and friendship between students. Master students’ existing cognitive level. “To learn to teach ” is a modern teaching