本试验(自1956—1959年)在南京黄褐色母质发育的水稻土(有机质1.5%,全N0.086%,速效P_2O_5 0.008%,速效K_2O 0.0178%)上进行。1.各农肥的肥效如下:(1)氮素肥效折合率约为:中稻:堆(?)肥1斤N(?)菜饼0.45斤N(?)绿肥0.55斤N(?)草塘泥0.7斤N(?)塘泥2.1—2.5斤N。早稻:猪牛(?)肥1斤N(?)绿肥0.38斤N(?)草塘泥0.49斤N(?)青草堆肥1.15斤N。(2)对水稻的氮素吸收利用率约为:中稻:菜饼22—27%,草塘泥15%,绿肥17%,堆(?)肥13%,塘泥4.6—6%。早稻:绿肥30%,草塘泥20%,猪牛(?)肥7.25%,青草堆肥5.7%。2.各农肥在水田中自6月中旬至9月上旬,NH_4-N 的释放量以绿肥最快最大,菜饼的分解速率仅次于绿肥,但在施肥一个半月后释放量达到最高峯。草塘泥兼有迟速效特性,释放速率及释放量都比较平稳,不象绿肥那样猛发,又比堆(?)肥速效成份高,比河泥养分释放快。堆(?)肥释放情况介于草塘泥与河泥之间,后期分解量较高。河泥释放量最差,有时几和对照相近。此外,土壤分析结果指出:在种中熟籼稻的土壤中NH_4-N 在10微克/克土(ppm)以下似难被利用(图1)。3.就植株氮素吸收利用及生长情况可看出:施用绿肥对中稻的营养生长有特别促进作用。如施用量稍多,就会引起先期猛发,徒长茎叶,增加草谷比例,产量并不能提高,因此施绿肥时,配合速效氮肥做面肥或施追肥时应特别注意,在绿肥用量较高时,再用速效氮肥往往有害无益。如直接施用绿肥,则施用量不宜过多,耕翻时也要适当提早,速效肥要看苗施用。草塘泥性平稳,用做基肥时,配合少量化学氮肥做面肥及穗肥均可进一步提高产量。堆(?)肥与河泥性质慢,不论施用于中稻或早稻,均必须增施速效肥料,不然肥效很低。早稻生长初期气温低,农肥养分释放慢,同时早稻生长期短,插秧后20天即进入幼穗分化期,因此分解较快的绿肥,及含速效氮较多的草塘泥用做早稻基肥,效果更为显著。所有农肥增施了速效氮肥做面肥及追肥都有良好增产效果,其中分解愈慢的农肥效果愈大。例如绿肥及草塘泥增施速效氮肥后产量增加48.3%及43.2%,N 素吸收利用率增加1倍及8成,而青草堆肥配合速效氮肥时,产量增加85%,N 素吸收利用率提高近四倍(表13)。4.各农肥单独施用做早稻基肥时,植株每日氮素吸收量皆以抽穗期为最多,若增施速效N 肥后,则每日氮素吸收量最多时期均由抽穗期提前至幼穗分化期,同时产量也显著提高(表5)。 The experiment (from 1956 to 1959) was carried out on paddy soil (organic matter 1.5%, total N0.086%, available P_2O_5 0.008%, available K_2O 0.0178%) with yellowish brown parent material in Nanjing. 1. The fertilizer effect of each fertilizer is as follows: (1) The conversion rate of nitrogen fertilizer is about: Medium rice: heap (?) Fertilizer 1 kg N (?) Vegetable cake 0.45 kg N (?) Green manure 0.55 kg N 0.7 kg N (?) Pond 2.1-2.5 kg of mud. Early rice: pigs and cattle (?) Fertilizer 1 kg N (?) Green manure 0.38 kg N (?) Grass Pond 0.49 kg N (?) Grass compost 1.15 kg N. (2) The nitrogen uptake and utilization rate of rice is about 22-27% of middle rice, 15% of grass pond, 17% of green manure, 13% of heap and 4.6-6% of pond mud. Early rice: 30% green manure, grass pond 20%, pigs (?) 7.25% fat, grass composting 5.7%. 2. Farming fertilizer In the paddy field from mid-June to early September, NH_4-N released the fastest and the largest green manure, followed by the decomposition of vegetable cake green manure, but in the fertilization after a half months to reach the peak release. Grasshopper has the characteristics of late-quick-acting, release rate and release are relatively stable, not as fierce green manure, but also higher than the heap (?) Fertilizer ingredients, release faster than the nutrients of river mud. Heap (?) Fertilizer release between the grass pond and river mud, the higher the amount of decomposition. River mud release the worst, and sometimes a few and control similar. In addition, the results of the soil analysis indicated that it is difficult to utilize NH 4 -N in the medium-mature indica rice at a concentration below 10 μg / g (ppm) (Fig. 1). The nitrogen absorption and utilization of plants and growth can be seen: the application of green manure to promote the nutritional growth of rice has a special role. Such as the application of a little more, it will lead to the early fierce, stem and leaves only the growth of grass and increase the proportion of grain yield can not be increased, so green manure, with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer or top dressing should pay special attention to fertilizer, , And then use nitrogen fertilizer often harmful. Such as the direct application of green manure, then the amount should not be too much, when tilling turn should be appropriate early, quick fertilizer to see Miao application. Mud pond muddy smooth, when used as a base fertilizer, with a small amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizer and spike fat can be further increased production. The heap (?) Fertilizer and river mud are slow in nature. Both medium and early rice must be applied with quick-acting fertilizer, otherwise the fertilizer effect is very low. Early rice growth in early low temperature, slow release of agro-nutrients, at the same time, short growing season of early rice, 20 days after transplanting into the panicle differentiation period, decomposed faster green manure, The effect is more significant. All of the agricultural fertilizers added quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer to make surface fertilizers and topdressing have a good yield-increasing effect, of which the slower the decomposition of fertilizer more effective. For example, after green manure and grass pond mud were applied with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, the yield increased by 48.3% and 43.2%, N-absorption and utilization rate increased by 1 and 80% respectively, while the yield of nitrogen increased by 85% Nearly four times (Table 13). When the individual manure was applied as base fertilizer for early rice, the daily nitrogen uptake of the plants was the highest in the heading stage. If the N fertilizer was applied at the maximum, the maximum daily nitrogen uptake was from the heading stage to the panicle During differentiation, the yield was also significantly increased (Table 5).