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一、词语例解
1. intend vt. 1)想要；打算；计划
I intend to get there as soon as I can.我打算尽快赶到那里。
The writer clearly intends his readers to identify with the main character 作者显然想读者同情主人公。
2) 意指
He hadn’t intended that we should all be there. 他没想要让我们都到那里。
What do you intend by this word? 你说这话是什么意思？
【联想拓展】intend to do sth打算做某事 intend sb to do sth 打算要某人做某事intend that计划had intended to do sth.= intended to have done sth本想或打算做某事（而实际上没做） be intended for 为……而；供……用
【辨析】intend，mean 和 design
这组动词的一般含义是“意欲”或“打算”。intend 强调“意欲”做某一件确定的事，或者“决定”达到某一确定的目的，此外还常用于表达“意欲”使某人从事某职业，或“打算”某物用作何种目的；mean 常常可以和 intend 互换使用，但不强调决心达到某一目的；design 强调为达到某目的，事先作过精心安排和仔细考虑，包含“预谋”、“策划”以达到自己的目的这一意义。例如：
The dictionary is intended for the beginners. 这本词典是为初学者编的。
He always meant to go back one day，but not to stay.他总想某一天回去，但不住下。
Did you design this, or did it just happen itself ?这件事是你有意图安排的还是它自行发生的？
2. certain adj.确定的；无疑的
I am certain he’ll come, in spite of the bad weather. 尽管天气不好，我还是确信他会来的。
Are you certain about (of) it? 你对此有把握吗？
He is certain of success. 他必然会成功。
He is certain to come. 他一定会来。
2) 某一；一些
A certain person called on you yesterday. 昨天有个人来探访你。
Certain things are not openly spoken about. 有些事是不能公开说的。
【拓展】for certain确定；确保 be certain of确信；深信 be certain to必然；一定 be not certain whether…不能确定是否…… make certain of / that把……弄清楚；把……弄确实, 保证 It is certain that …某事是确定无疑的
3. actuallyadv. 1)(无比较级、最高级)实际上；事实上
He looks unpleasant, but actually he is very kind.他看起来板着面孔,但事实上心地很好。
She looks young, but she’s actually 50. 她看上去年轻,可是实际上已五十岁了。
2)(这样说也许令人难以置信,不过) 真地；竟然；居然
He actually refused!他竟然拒绝了!She was so angry that she actually tore up the letter.她一气之下竟然将信撕碎了。
4. appreciate v. 1) 感谢；感激
I appreciate your help.我感激你的帮助。They deeply appreciated his kindness.他们对他的好意深表感谢。
2)重视；赏识；欣赏
She was appreciated everywhere. 她到处受到赏识。
Her talent for music was not appreciated.她的音乐才能无人赏识。
【辨析】appreciate一词尤指高度看重，是以批评式的评价、比较和判断为基础的；value意指对事物重要性和价值的高度评价；cherish强调对珍贵事物的关切并常带有挚爱之情。
I really appreciate your help. 我真的很感激你的帮助。
We treasure our freedom. 我们珍视自由。
I value your advice. 我尊重你的劝告。
He cherished the memory of his departed youth.他缅怀他那一去不复返的青春年华。
【联想拓展】appreciationn. 欣赏；体谅appreciate doing sth. 感激做…… would appreciate it if…假如……我将不胜感激
5. suffer v. 1) experience something painful or unpleasant遭受（痛苦、不幸等）
He has suffered a lot of pain. 他痛得很厉害。
He is suffering from toothache.他正在遭受牙痛的折磨。
2) experience sorrow or grief 经历不幸、痛苦
We all have to suffer at some time in our lives.在人生的道路上我们都时而要受苦的。
She had learnt to suffer without complain-ing. 她已经学会了吃苦的时候不抱怨。
3) be injured受害；受损失
The train fell over the edge, but no one suffered much in the accident. 火车翻到路基下面去，但在这场事故中没人受重伤。
【联想拓展】 sufferingn. 苦难suffer loss / defeat遭受损失/失败suffer from 患……病；受……的苦痛
6. directionn. 1)方向
When the police arrived, the crowd scattered in all directions. 警察赶到后，人群向四面八方散去了。
I don’t know which is the right direction. 我不知道哪个方向对。
2)（常用复数）指示；说明书
He gave me full directions to enable me to find his house.他对我详细说明如何去他家。
Follow the directions that your doctor gives you.请遵医嘱。
3)指导；命令；指示
We study English under his direction. 我们在他的指导下学习英语。
He did not give me any directions. 他没有给我任何指示。
【联想拓展】directv. 指导；命令adj.直接的；径直的directlyadv. 直接地；正好地 directorn经理；导演in the direction of 向着……方向 in all directions向四面八方under one’s direction 在……的指导下
7. confusev. 使迷惑；打乱；混淆
Don’t give me so much information —You’re confusing me！ 别告诉我这么多，你会把我弄糊涂的。
His granddaughter confused the papers on his desk. 他的孙女把他书桌上的文件弄乱了。
Don’t confuse Austria and/with Australia. 不要把奥地利跟澳大利亚弄混淆了。
【辨析】confusedadj.困惑的；烦恼的 confusingadj.令人混淆的；令人困惑的
The speaker suddenly changed tack and left us all rather confused. 演讲人突然改变了论调，把我们都搞糊涂了。
The instructions on the box are very confusing. 盒子上的使用说明含混不清。
二、短语精析
1. make fun of 取笑，嘲笑
People make fun of her because she always speaks foolishly. 人们嘲笑她，因为她常说傻话。
James often made fun of the new pupil because her speech was not like the other pupils. 詹姆斯经常嘲笑这个新学生，因为她说的话与众不同。
2. date back to = date from 追溯到……
This town dates back to Roman times. 这个小镇的历史可以追溯到罗马时期。
This manuscript dates back to the 18th century. 这部手稿是十八世纪的。
3. be on good terms with sb.同某人关系好
He is on good terms with his employer. 他和雇主的关系很好。
She’s so boring a girl that our class-mates around her can’t be on good terms with her.她太让人烦了，周围的同学都不能和她好好相处。
【拓展】be on bad terms with sb. 与某人关系不好；keep on good terms with sb. 与某人保持友好关系；make terms with sb.与某人达成协议come to terms with sb 与某人达成协议
4. look on … as … 将……看作……
She is looked on as the leading authority on the subject. 她被认为是该问题的权威人士。
I decided to look on the whole matter as a great joke！ 我决定将整件事情当作一个大笑话！
He looked on the old couple as his parents.他把这对老夫妇当作自己的父母。
【拓展】look after 照料 look down on 轻视，看不起look forward to 盼望；期待
look in 顺便看望；短暂访问
5. pick up捡起，拾起；顺便用车来接；接收，收听（节目）；偶然获得、学会
Then I picked up the little girl and walked off. 然后我把小女孩抱起来就离开了。
I plan to pick you up at your office at six. 我打算6点来你办公室接你。
I often pick up the programs of BBC. 我经常收听BBC电台的节目。
She picked up a valuable first edition at a village book sale. 她在乡村图书展销会上买到一本珍贵的首版书。
三、句式点睛
1. The actors make us laugh by making fun of somebody’s way of dressing or telling an amusing story.表演者通过取笑某人的着装方式，讲述有趣的故事，引我们发笑。
make sb. do sth.的意思是“使某人做某事”，其中的do sth.为不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，这一结构变为被动结构时，原来的宾语变成了主语，宾语补足语变成了主语补足语，这时的不定式要带to，除make外，see，hear等动词也可接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。例如：
A funny movie often makes us laugh. 滑稽的影片常逗得我们捧腹大笑。
介词by与动名词或名词连用，表示方式、手段或原因，意为“通过，凭借，因为”。例如：He caught a cold by playing soccer in the rain.他在雨中踢足球而感冒了。
Don’t judge a person by appearance. 不要以貌取人。
注意by多用于动作，表示通过做什么事情以取得预期的结果；with多用于一件东西、工具等，表示我们用的是什么工具。例如：
He got what he wanted by talking very cleverly. 他话说得很乖巧，因而得到了他想要的东西。
He got what he wanted with flowers and chocolates. 他靠花束和巧克力糖得到了他想要得到的东西。
2. Typical for China is the crosstalk show, where a pair of comedians enter-tains the audience with word play.中国的代表是相声，在相声表演中，两个喜剧演员用文字游戏来娱乐观众。
这是一个倒装句，将表语typical提前，其主语是the crosstalk show，正常语序是
The crosstalk show, where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play, is typical for China. 由于show后接一较长的定语从句，为避免句子结构不平衡，所以把表语和系动词前置。
3. Dating back to the Qin Dynasty（221-207 BC）, the traditional crosstalk shows, or xiangsheng shows, have made people all over China roar with laughter for centuries. 传统的相声表演从秦朝（公元前221～207年）开始有，已经让中国人快乐了若干个世纪。
句中Dating back to the Qin Dynasty是动词-ing形式作状语，表示时间。动词-ing形式作状语可以表示动作发生的时间、原因、结果、条件、方式或表示主要动作发生的伴随情况，通常相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。一般说来，这种结构的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。例如：
Being ill, she had to stay at home.因为病了，她只好呆在家里。
They came home smiling and singing.他们笑着、唱着回了家。
Her husband died ten years ago, leaving her with three children to look after. 她丈夫十年前去世了，撇下她和三个要照料的孩子。
Taking the path that leads out of the town，you will come to a dense wood. 如果你沿着通向郊外的小道前进，就会走到一片密林处。
四、语法细解
V-ing形式作定语和宾语补足语
1. V-ing形式做定语可表示被修饰名词的作用、用途、性质和特点，也可表示被修饰名词正在进行的主动动作。单个V-ing作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词前面；如果是短语，就位于其所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。V-ing形式与逻辑主语之间是主动关系。例如：
The pot is full of boiling water. 壶里装满了沸腾的水。
Do you know the boy lying under the big tree? 你认识躺在大树底下的那个男孩吗？
V-ing作定语所表示的动作或行为是其所修饰的名词发出的，在意义上表示主谓关系；或者表示名词的用途，相当于for短语。例如：a sleeping baby=a baby who is sleeping 一个睡着的婴儿
a sleeping car=a car for sleeping卧车
working people=people who are working在工作的人们
a working method=a method for working 工作方法
2. V-ing形式做宾语补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用，常表示某一特定动作正在进行，而且强调一个过程。例如：
We found the story very interesting. 我们觉得这个故事很有趣。
I heard somebody breaking the windows. 我听到有人打破了窗户。
V-ing作宾语补足语，可带这种复合宾语的动词有：see, observe, hear, notice, find, have, get, keep, catch, leave等。它强调宾语的动作是主动的，又是正在进行的；宾语和宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：
We heard her singing in her room. 我们听见她在她的房间里唱歌。
The salesman caught the boy stealing in the shop. 那个男售货员发现这个男孩正在商店里偷东西。
注意区别V-ing与不定式、过去分词作宾语补足语：
V-ing强调动作的主动、正在进行；不定式强调动作的全过程；过去分词强调动作的被动、完成。比较：
I heard them singing that song. 我听见他们正在唱那首歌。
I heard them sing that song. 我听见他们唱了那首歌。
I heard that song sung.我听人唱过那首歌。
【典型考例】
1. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen.
A. smokeB. smoking
C. to smoke D. smoked
解析：选B。该空含义应为正在吸烟，所以应填现在分词作主语补足语。
2. Mr Smith, _______ of the______ speech, started to read a novel.
A. tired; boringB. tiring; bored
C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring
解析：选A。第一空应填 tired ，构成 tired of （来源于系表结构 be tired of ）短语作非限制性定语。第二空表示令人厌烦的演讲，应填 boring 。
3. There was a terrible noise _______ the sudden burst of light.
A. followedB. following
C. to be followed D. be followed
解析：选B。该句含义为：有一阵可怕的噪音正随着光的突然闪动而出现。所以应用 V-ing 形式作定语，表示动作正在进行，并表示噪音主动伴着光的突然闪动而出现。 Following 可转换成定语从句 which was following 。
1. intend vt. 1)想要；打算；计划
I intend to get there as soon as I can.我打算尽快赶到那里。
The writer clearly intends his readers to identify with the main character 作者显然想读者同情主人公。
2) 意指
He hadn’t intended that we should all be there. 他没想要让我们都到那里。
What do you intend by this word? 你说这话是什么意思？
【联想拓展】intend to do sth打算做某事 intend sb to do sth 打算要某人做某事intend that计划had intended to do sth.= intended to have done sth本想或打算做某事（而实际上没做） be intended for 为……而；供……用
【辨析】intend，mean 和 design
这组动词的一般含义是“意欲”或“打算”。intend 强调“意欲”做某一件确定的事，或者“决定”达到某一确定的目的，此外还常用于表达“意欲”使某人从事某职业，或“打算”某物用作何种目的；mean 常常可以和 intend 互换使用，但不强调决心达到某一目的；design 强调为达到某目的，事先作过精心安排和仔细考虑，包含“预谋”、“策划”以达到自己的目的这一意义。例如：
The dictionary is intended for the beginners. 这本词典是为初学者编的。
He always meant to go back one day，but not to stay.他总想某一天回去，但不住下。
Did you design this, or did it just happen itself ?这件事是你有意图安排的还是它自行发生的？
2. certain adj.确定的；无疑的
I am certain he’ll come, in spite of the bad weather. 尽管天气不好，我还是确信他会来的。
Are you certain about (of) it? 你对此有把握吗？
He is certain of success. 他必然会成功。
He is certain to come. 他一定会来。
2) 某一；一些
A certain person called on you yesterday. 昨天有个人来探访你。
Certain things are not openly spoken about. 有些事是不能公开说的。
【拓展】for certain确定；确保 be certain of确信；深信 be certain to必然；一定 be not certain whether…不能确定是否…… make certain of / that把……弄清楚；把……弄确实, 保证 It is certain that …某事是确定无疑的
3. actuallyadv. 1)(无比较级、最高级)实际上；事实上
He looks unpleasant, but actually he is very kind.他看起来板着面孔,但事实上心地很好。
She looks young, but she’s actually 50. 她看上去年轻,可是实际上已五十岁了。
2)(这样说也许令人难以置信,不过) 真地；竟然；居然
He actually refused!他竟然拒绝了!She was so angry that she actually tore up the letter.她一气之下竟然将信撕碎了。
4. appreciate v. 1) 感谢；感激
I appreciate your help.我感激你的帮助。They deeply appreciated his kindness.他们对他的好意深表感谢。
2)重视；赏识；欣赏
She was appreciated everywhere. 她到处受到赏识。
Her talent for music was not appreciated.她的音乐才能无人赏识。
【辨析】appreciate一词尤指高度看重，是以批评式的评价、比较和判断为基础的；value意指对事物重要性和价值的高度评价；cherish强调对珍贵事物的关切并常带有挚爱之情。
I really appreciate your help. 我真的很感激你的帮助。
We treasure our freedom. 我们珍视自由。
I value your advice. 我尊重你的劝告。
He cherished the memory of his departed youth.他缅怀他那一去不复返的青春年华。
【联想拓展】appreciationn. 欣赏；体谅appreciate doing sth. 感激做…… would appreciate it if…假如……我将不胜感激
5. suffer v. 1) experience something painful or unpleasant遭受（痛苦、不幸等）
He has suffered a lot of pain. 他痛得很厉害。
He is suffering from toothache.他正在遭受牙痛的折磨。
2) experience sorrow or grief 经历不幸、痛苦
We all have to suffer at some time in our lives.在人生的道路上我们都时而要受苦的。
She had learnt to suffer without complain-ing. 她已经学会了吃苦的时候不抱怨。
3) be injured受害；受损失
The train fell over the edge, but no one suffered much in the accident. 火车翻到路基下面去，但在这场事故中没人受重伤。
【联想拓展】 sufferingn. 苦难suffer loss / defeat遭受损失/失败suffer from 患……病；受……的苦痛
6. directionn. 1)方向
When the police arrived, the crowd scattered in all directions. 警察赶到后，人群向四面八方散去了。
I don’t know which is the right direction. 我不知道哪个方向对。
2)（常用复数）指示；说明书
He gave me full directions to enable me to find his house.他对我详细说明如何去他家。
Follow the directions that your doctor gives you.请遵医嘱。
3)指导；命令；指示
We study English under his direction. 我们在他的指导下学习英语。
He did not give me any directions. 他没有给我任何指示。
【联想拓展】directv. 指导；命令adj.直接的；径直的directlyadv. 直接地；正好地 directorn经理；导演in the direction of 向着……方向 in all directions向四面八方under one’s direction 在……的指导下
7. confusev. 使迷惑；打乱；混淆
Don’t give me so much information —You’re confusing me！ 别告诉我这么多，你会把我弄糊涂的。
His granddaughter confused the papers on his desk. 他的孙女把他书桌上的文件弄乱了。
Don’t confuse Austria and/with Australia. 不要把奥地利跟澳大利亚弄混淆了。
【辨析】confusedadj.困惑的；烦恼的 confusingadj.令人混淆的；令人困惑的
The speaker suddenly changed tack and left us all rather confused. 演讲人突然改变了论调，把我们都搞糊涂了。
The instructions on the box are very confusing. 盒子上的使用说明含混不清。
二、短语精析
1. make fun of 取笑，嘲笑
People make fun of her because she always speaks foolishly. 人们嘲笑她，因为她常说傻话。
James often made fun of the new pupil because her speech was not like the other pupils. 詹姆斯经常嘲笑这个新学生，因为她说的话与众不同。
2. date back to = date from 追溯到……
This town dates back to Roman times. 这个小镇的历史可以追溯到罗马时期。
This manuscript dates back to the 18th century. 这部手稿是十八世纪的。
3. be on good terms with sb.同某人关系好
He is on good terms with his employer. 他和雇主的关系很好。
She’s so boring a girl that our class-mates around her can’t be on good terms with her.她太让人烦了，周围的同学都不能和她好好相处。
【拓展】be on bad terms with sb. 与某人关系不好；keep on good terms with sb. 与某人保持友好关系；make terms with sb.与某人达成协议come to terms with sb 与某人达成协议
4. look on … as … 将……看作……
She is looked on as the leading authority on the subject. 她被认为是该问题的权威人士。
I decided to look on the whole matter as a great joke！ 我决定将整件事情当作一个大笑话！
He looked on the old couple as his parents.他把这对老夫妇当作自己的父母。
【拓展】look after 照料 look down on 轻视，看不起look forward to 盼望；期待
look in 顺便看望；短暂访问
5. pick up捡起，拾起；顺便用车来接；接收，收听（节目）；偶然获得、学会
Then I picked up the little girl and walked off. 然后我把小女孩抱起来就离开了。
I plan to pick you up at your office at six. 我打算6点来你办公室接你。
I often pick up the programs of BBC. 我经常收听BBC电台的节目。
She picked up a valuable first edition at a village book sale. 她在乡村图书展销会上买到一本珍贵的首版书。
三、句式点睛
1. The actors make us laugh by making fun of somebody’s way of dressing or telling an amusing story.表演者通过取笑某人的着装方式，讲述有趣的故事，引我们发笑。
make sb. do sth.的意思是“使某人做某事”，其中的do sth.为不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，这一结构变为被动结构时，原来的宾语变成了主语，宾语补足语变成了主语补足语，这时的不定式要带to，除make外，see，hear等动词也可接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。例如：
A funny movie often makes us laugh. 滑稽的影片常逗得我们捧腹大笑。
介词by与动名词或名词连用，表示方式、手段或原因，意为“通过，凭借，因为”。例如：He caught a cold by playing soccer in the rain.他在雨中踢足球而感冒了。
Don’t judge a person by appearance. 不要以貌取人。
注意by多用于动作，表示通过做什么事情以取得预期的结果；with多用于一件东西、工具等，表示我们用的是什么工具。例如：
He got what he wanted by talking very cleverly. 他话说得很乖巧，因而得到了他想要的东西。
He got what he wanted with flowers and chocolates. 他靠花束和巧克力糖得到了他想要得到的东西。
2. Typical for China is the crosstalk show, where a pair of comedians enter-tains the audience with word play.中国的代表是相声，在相声表演中，两个喜剧演员用文字游戏来娱乐观众。
这是一个倒装句，将表语typical提前，其主语是the crosstalk show，正常语序是
The crosstalk show, where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play, is typical for China. 由于show后接一较长的定语从句，为避免句子结构不平衡，所以把表语和系动词前置。
3. Dating back to the Qin Dynasty（221-207 BC）, the traditional crosstalk shows, or xiangsheng shows, have made people all over China roar with laughter for centuries. 传统的相声表演从秦朝（公元前221～207年）开始有，已经让中国人快乐了若干个世纪。
句中Dating back to the Qin Dynasty是动词-ing形式作状语，表示时间。动词-ing形式作状语可以表示动作发生的时间、原因、结果、条件、方式或表示主要动作发生的伴随情况，通常相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。一般说来，这种结构的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。例如：
Being ill, she had to stay at home.因为病了，她只好呆在家里。
They came home smiling and singing.他们笑着、唱着回了家。
Her husband died ten years ago, leaving her with three children to look after. 她丈夫十年前去世了，撇下她和三个要照料的孩子。
Taking the path that leads out of the town，you will come to a dense wood. 如果你沿着通向郊外的小道前进，就会走到一片密林处。
四、语法细解
V-ing形式作定语和宾语补足语
1. V-ing形式做定语可表示被修饰名词的作用、用途、性质和特点，也可表示被修饰名词正在进行的主动动作。单个V-ing作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词前面；如果是短语，就位于其所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。V-ing形式与逻辑主语之间是主动关系。例如：
The pot is full of boiling water. 壶里装满了沸腾的水。
Do you know the boy lying under the big tree? 你认识躺在大树底下的那个男孩吗？
V-ing作定语所表示的动作或行为是其所修饰的名词发出的，在意义上表示主谓关系；或者表示名词的用途，相当于for短语。例如：a sleeping baby=a baby who is sleeping 一个睡着的婴儿
a sleeping car=a car for sleeping卧车
working people=people who are working在工作的人们
a working method=a method for working 工作方法
2. V-ing形式做宾语补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用，常表示某一特定动作正在进行，而且强调一个过程。例如：
We found the story very interesting. 我们觉得这个故事很有趣。
I heard somebody breaking the windows. 我听到有人打破了窗户。
V-ing作宾语补足语，可带这种复合宾语的动词有：see, observe, hear, notice, find, have, get, keep, catch, leave等。它强调宾语的动作是主动的，又是正在进行的；宾语和宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：
We heard her singing in her room. 我们听见她在她的房间里唱歌。
The salesman caught the boy stealing in the shop. 那个男售货员发现这个男孩正在商店里偷东西。
注意区别V-ing与不定式、过去分词作宾语补足语：
V-ing强调动作的主动、正在进行；不定式强调动作的全过程；过去分词强调动作的被动、完成。比较：
I heard them singing that song. 我听见他们正在唱那首歌。
I heard them sing that song. 我听见他们唱了那首歌。
I heard that song sung.我听人唱过那首歌。
【典型考例】
1. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen.
A. smokeB. smoking
C. to smoke D. smoked
解析：选B。该空含义应为正在吸烟，所以应填现在分词作主语补足语。
2. Mr Smith, _______ of the______ speech, started to read a novel.
A. tired; boringB. tiring; bored
C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring
解析：选A。第一空应填 tired ，构成 tired of （来源于系表结构 be tired of ）短语作非限制性定语。第二空表示令人厌烦的演讲，应填 boring 。
3. There was a terrible noise _______ the sudden burst of light.
A. followedB. following
C. to be followed D. be followed
解析：选B。该句含义为：有一阵可怕的噪音正随着光的突然闪动而出现。所以应用 V-ing 形式作定语，表示动作正在进行，并表示噪音主动伴着光的突然闪动而出现。 Following 可转换成定语从句 which was following 。