情态动词高考考点透析

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   情态动词是中学英语语法的重要项目之一,也是历年高考的热点。尽管情态动词的用法很复杂,很难掌握,但从历届高考题看,情态动词的命题热点主要集中在以下几个方面:
  
   一、情态动词的非推测性用法
  
   1.情态动词表示能力时,一般用can /could或be able to 。be able to用于表示能力并且可用于各种时态,而can只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态。此外,当表示过去成功地做成了某事时,只能用was / were able to。
   The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ________ get out .
  (97’NMET)
   A. had toB. would
  C. could D. was able to
   【解析】本题表示过去“成功地从火里逃出来”,故答案选【D】。
   2. can / could和may / might
   may表示允许,否定形式为mustn’t(不允许);can/could, may/might都可用来表示请求允许或许可。过去式could和might常用于疑问句,表示礼貌,答语中常用原形can或者may,不可再用过去式could或might。
   (1) — Could I borrow your dictionary?
  — Yes, of course you________ .(92’NMET)
   A. mightB. will C. canD. should
   【解析】本题的前一句用could提问,表示委婉的请求,答语中应用原形can,故答案选【C】。
   (2) — I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins. _______ I have a look?
   —Yes,certainly.(02’北京春招)
   A. DoB. MayC. ShallD. Should
   【解析】 “may / might I … ”表示请求对方允许或许可;“Shall+ I / we …”表示征求对方意见,故答案选【B】 。
   3. must与have to都可以表示“必须”的意思,但must表示主观看法,have to则侧重于客观需要。
   (1) — What do you think we can do for our aged parents?
   — You ________ do anything except to be with them and be yourself.(07’湖南卷)
   A. don’t have to B. oughtn’t to
  C. mustn’t D. can’tKey:【A】
   (2) All passengers must wear seat belts.
   【固定短语】 If you must表示无可奈何地同意某人干某事。
   — May I smoke here ? (06’山东卷)
   — If you ________ , choose a seat in the smoking section.
   A. shouldB. could
  C. may D. mustKey:【D】
   4. will作情态动词时有以下用法:
   (1)当情态动词will表示意愿或决心时,也可用于条件状语从句。
   If you will listen to me, I’ll give you some advice on how to learn English.
   (2) 表示请求。
   Will you give me a hand ?
   (3) 表示没有时间限制的倾向性动作或习惯。
   Oil will float on water.
   5.would的用法
   (1)表示礼貌的请求。
   Would you close the window, please?
   (2)表示过去的倾向性动作或习惯。
   John promised his doctor he ________ not smoke, and he has smoked ever since. (08’北京卷)
   A. might B. should
   C. could D. would Key: 【D】 (3) 表示想必现在 / 过去……;现在/过去可能……
   He would be back today / yesterday .
   6. shall的用法。
   shall用于第一、三人称疑问句,用来征求对方意见;用于第二、三人称陈述句,表示说话人的命令、警告、允诺、威胁或决心等。
   (1) — What’s the name?
   — Khulaifi . ________ I spell that for you?(06’北京)
   A. Shall B. Would
  C. Can D. MightKey:【A】
   (2) — What does the sign over there read? (07’四川)
  —“No person ________ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette,cigar orpipe in this area.”
   A. will B. may
  C. shall D. must Key: 【C】
   7. should 的用法
   (1) Should 表示劝告、建议、命令,有义务、有责任做某事,意为“应该”。
   — I think I’ll give Bob a ring.
   — You ________. You haven’t been in touch with him for ages. (06’江苏)
   A. will B. may
  C. have to D. shouldKey: 【D】
   (2) Should 可以用来表示“推测”,意为“可能、该”。相当于be expected to。往往指具有一定的客观根据或根据合理的推断,且所期待的事几乎已成为事实,因此不是虚拟语气。
   — How’s your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?
   —It ________ be, but it is now heavily polluted.(07’全国I)
   A. willB. would
  C. should D. mustKey: 【C】
   (3) should可以用于较强语气的假设情形中,表示“竟然;万一”之意。
   ________ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.(06’湖北)
   A. Would you beB. Should you be
  C. Could you be D. Might you be
  Key:【B】
   8. need用作情态动词,仅用于否定句和疑问句或条件句。在肯定句中要用must, have to, should, ought to或将need当作行为动词使用。
   We need to work hard.
   You needn’t worry = You don’t need to worry.
   If you need go there, please let me know.
   【注意】 (1) needn’t = don’t have to 不必 。
   — What sort of house do you want to have? Something big? (08’陕西)
   — Well, it ________ be big — that’s not important.
  A. mustn’t B. needn’t
  C. can’t D. won’t Key:【B】
  (2) need还可作实义动词
   (a) The elderly man needs / wants /requires looking after every day . = The elderly man needs / wants / requires to be looked after every day .
   (b) Does he need to take the medicine four times a day ?
   9. dare的用法
   (1) dare作为情态动词,主要用于疑问句,否定句和条件从句中,一般不用于肯定句.
   a. How dare you say I’m unfair ?
   b. He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare she ?
   c. If he dare break the rule, he will be punished.
   (2) dare作实义动词,有时态、人称和数的变化。所不同的是,在肯定句中,dare 后面通常接带to的不定式;在否定和疑问句中, dare后可接带to或不带to的不定式。
   (a) I dare to swim across the river.
   (b) He doesn’t dare (to) answer.
  
   二、情态动词的推测性用法
  
   can, could, may, might, must,其中,must所表示的可能性最大,最有把握,意为“一定”,而其否定式mustn’t表示“禁止、不准”;表示“不可能”要用can’t或couldn’t;may 和 might表示可能性时,主要用于肯定句中,might相对于may 来说,表示的可能性更小些。can和could主要用于否定句和疑问句中。情态动词表示猜测,我们首先要清楚被猜测的时间,其次要看有无事实根据。若有事实根据,则无论是肯定还是否定的猜测,猜测语气最强且符合时间要求的为最佳答案;若无事实根据,纯凭主观臆断,则猜测语气最弱且符合时间要求的为最佳答案。
   1. can表示可能性时,指的是理论上的可能,它通常不用来表示某事实际发生的可能性或真实性。
   You ________ be hungry already — you had lunch only two hours ago!(08’浙江)
   A. wouldn’t B. can’t
   C. mustn’tD. needn’tKey:【B】
   如果我们要表达某事发生的实际可能性,要用may, could或might等。
   (1) Children under 12 years of age in that country ________ be under adult supervision when in a public library. (04’上海)
   A. must B. may C. can D. need
  Key:【B】
   (2) — I’ve taken someone else’s greensweater by mistake.
   — It ________ Harry’s. He always wears green.(05’广东)
  A. has to beB. will be
   C. mustn’t beD. could be
  Key:【D】
   can表示猜测,用于肯定句,表示“一时的特征”可译为“有时会”。
   Peter ________ be really difficult at times even though he’s a nice person in general.(08’辽宁)
   A. shall B. should
  C. can D. must Key:【C】
   2. may和might表示推测只能用于肯定句或否定句,不能用于疑问句中。
   Although this ________ sound like a simple task, great care is needed. (08’四川)
   A. must B. mayC. shall D. should
   【解析】题中没有客观事实根据,猜测语气要求最弱,故答案选【B】。
   Helen ________ go on the trip with us, but she isn’t quite sure yet. (05’安徽)
   A. shallB. must C. may D. can
   【解析】由答语“I’m not sure”可以推测说话者的语气不肯定,故答案选【C】 。
   May / Might it be cloudy tomorrow ?(×)
   Can / Could it be cloudy tomorrow ?(√) 3. must的否定式是can’t / couldn’t
   “must+动词原形”对目前的情况进行推测时以及用must+be+-ing形式对目前正在发生的情况进行推测时,表示“一定正在……”。
   She must be waiting for us now .
  
   三、情态动词 + have done的用法
  
   “情态动词 + have done” 表示对过去情况的推测或估计,是历年高考的热点。
   1. should (ought to) have+过去分词
   表示过去应该做而(实际)没有做的事情,含有责备或遗憾的语气,意为“本应该……”。其否定形式为“should not /ought not to have + 过去分词”,其否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。
   — I’m sorry. I________ at you the other day.(08’江苏卷)
   — Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.
  A. shouldn’t shout
  B. shouldn’t have shouted
   C. mustn’t shout
   D. mustn’t have shoutedKey:【B】
   2. needn’t have+过去分词
   表示过去没有必要做某事, 但实际上做了某事。
   As you worked late yesterday, you________ have come this morning.
  (06’陕西)
  A. mayn’tB. can’t
  C. mustn’tD. needn’t
   【解析】 He needn’t have come,表示“他本没有必要来(实际却来了)”;注意:He didn’t need to come意为“他没有必要来(实际也没来)”;根据句意,答案应选【D】。
   3. must have + 过去分词
   用于肯定句,表示“过去一定做过某事”,表示一种很有把握的推测。注意,对过去发生情况的否定推测常用can’t / couldn’t have +过去分词。
   The teacher ________ have thought Johnson was worth it or she wouldn’t have wasted time on him, I suppose.(07’安徽)
   A. shouldB. can C. wouldD. must
   【解析】本题应选D 。本题的前一句说明一个结果,后一句则表示一个原因。表示对过去发生情况的否定推测。
   4. may / might have+过去分词
   表示对过去情况的一种不太有把握的可能性推测,表示“可能 / 大概已做了某事…… ”,否定句表示“可能还没有……”。
   — I can’t find my purse anywhere.
  — You _______ have lost it whileshopping.(08’重庆)
   A. mayB. can
   C. should D. would Key:【A】
   5. can / could have+过去分词
   肯定句表示“过去本来可以做某事,但实际上没有做”;否定句表示“不可能已做了某事”;疑问句表示“可能 / 也许已做了某事吗?”。
   She _______ have left school, for her bike is still here. (08’天津)
   A. can’tB. wouldn’t
   C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
  Key: 【A】
   巩固性练习:从A、B、C、D中选择最佳答案。
  1. Our house is on the top of the hill, and in winter the winds _______ be pretty cold.
  A. need B. can C. mustD. shall
  2. I can hear the Browns’ phone bell ringing but no one is answering it; they _______
   be at home.
   A. wouldB. mightC. needn’t D. can’t
  3. Winter is coming; _______ spring be far away?
   A. can B. shouldC. will D. must
  4. — John, how did your English exam go?
   — I thought I _______ , but in fact I came in the top 10% in the class.
   A. should have failed
   B. couldn’t have failed
   C. might have failed
   D. mustn’t have failed
  5. My English - Chinese dictionary has disappeared. Who_______ have taken it?
   A. should B. must
   C. could D. would
  6. I _______ have written to him because he would come back as he informed us.
   A. couldn’t B. ought to
   C. must D. needn’t
  7. — I promise that his daughter______ get a nice present on her birthday.
   — Will it be a big surprise to her?
   A. should B. must
   C. would D. shall
  8. — I’m sorry that I didn’t turn on the air-conditioner.
   — You_______. I didn’t feel a bit cold.
   A. didn’t need bother
   B didn’t need to bother
   C. needn’t have bother
   D. needn’t to bother
  9. We were looking for you all this morning. You _______ office without a word.
   A. mustn’t have left
   B. shouldn’t have left
   C. couldn’t have left
   D. needn’t have left
  10. I couldn’t wait for you any longer. I______ , and so I went.
   A. must go B. must have gone
   C. had to goD. should have gone
  11. The best friend a man has in the world _____ turn against him and become his
   enemy.
   A. shallB. mayC. will D. would
  12. —We need a person badly to be in charge of this design.
   — _______ the new comer have a try?
   A. MustB. WillC. Need D. Shall
  13. — It’s so late. Our son _______ be back!
   — Don’t worry. I dare say he _______have some extra work to do.
   A. can; must B. will; might
   C. should; must D. must; may
  
  Keys for reference:
  1-5 BDACC6-10 DDBBC
  11-13 BDC
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