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情态动词是中学英语语法的重要项目之一,也是历年高考的热点。尽管情态动词的用法很复杂,很难掌握,但从历届高考题看,情态动词的命题热点主要集中在以下几个方面:
一、情态动词的非推测性用法
1.情态动词表示能力时,一般用can /could或be able to 。be able to用于表示能力并且可用于各种时态,而can只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态。此外,当表示过去成功地做成了某事时,只能用was / were able to。
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ________ get out .
(97’NMET)
A. had toB. would
C. could D. was able to
【解析】本题表示过去“成功地从火里逃出来”,故答案选【D】。
2. can / could和may / might
may表示允许,否定形式为mustn’t(不允许);can/could, may/might都可用来表示请求允许或许可。过去式could和might常用于疑问句,表示礼貌,答语中常用原形can或者may,不可再用过去式could或might。
(1) — Could I borrow your dictionary?
— Yes, of course you________ .(92’NMET)
A. mightB. will C. canD. should
【解析】本题的前一句用could提问,表示委婉的请求,答语中应用原形can,故答案选【C】。
(2) — I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins. _______ I have a look?
—Yes,certainly.(02’北京春招)
A. DoB. MayC. ShallD. Should
【解析】 “may / might I … ”表示请求对方允许或许可;“Shall+ I / we …”表示征求对方意见,故答案选【B】 。
3. must与have to都可以表示“必须”的意思,但must表示主观看法,have to则侧重于客观需要。
(1) — What do you think we can do for our aged parents?
— You ________ do anything except to be with them and be yourself.(07’湖南卷)
A. don’t have to B. oughtn’t to
C. mustn’t D. can’tKey:【A】
(2) All passengers must wear seat belts.
【固定短语】 If you must表示无可奈何地同意某人干某事。
— May I smoke here ? (06’山东卷)
— If you ________ , choose a seat in the smoking section.
A. shouldB. could
C. may D. mustKey:【D】
4. will作情态动词时有以下用法:
(1)当情态动词will表示意愿或决心时,也可用于条件状语从句。
If you will listen to me, I’ll give you some advice on how to learn English.
(2) 表示请求。
Will you give me a hand ?
(3) 表示没有时间限制的倾向性动作或习惯。
Oil will float on water.
5.would的用法
(1)表示礼貌的请求。
Would you close the window, please?
(2)表示过去的倾向性动作或习惯。
John promised his doctor he ________ not smoke, and he has smoked ever since. (08’北京卷)
A. might B. should
C. could D. would Key: 【D】 (3) 表示想必现在 / 过去……;现在/过去可能……
He would be back today / yesterday .
6. shall的用法。
shall用于第一、三人称疑问句,用来征求对方意见;用于第二、三人称陈述句,表示说话人的命令、警告、允诺、威胁或决心等。
(1) — What’s the name?
— Khulaifi . ________ I spell that for you?(06’北京)
A. Shall B. Would
C. Can D. MightKey:【A】
(2) — What does the sign over there read? (07’四川)
—“No person ________ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette,cigar orpipe in this area.”
A. will B. may
C. shall D. must Key: 【C】
7. should 的用法
(1) Should 表示劝告、建议、命令,有义务、有责任做某事,意为“应该”。
— I think I’ll give Bob a ring.
— You ________. You haven’t been in touch with him for ages. (06’江苏)
A. will B. may
C. have to D. shouldKey: 【D】
(2) Should 可以用来表示“推测”,意为“可能、该”。相当于be expected to。往往指具有一定的客观根据或根据合理的推断,且所期待的事几乎已成为事实,因此不是虚拟语气。
— How’s your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?
—It ________ be, but it is now heavily polluted.(07’全国I)
A. willB. would
C. should D. mustKey: 【C】
(3) should可以用于较强语气的假设情形中,表示“竟然;万一”之意。
________ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.(06’湖北)
A. Would you beB. Should you be
C. Could you be D. Might you be
Key:【B】
8. need用作情态动词,仅用于否定句和疑问句或条件句。在肯定句中要用must, have to, should, ought to或将need当作行为动词使用。
We need to work hard.
You needn’t worry = You don’t need to worry.
If you need go there, please let me know.
【注意】 (1) needn’t = don’t have to 不必 。
— What sort of house do you want to have? Something big? (08’陕西)
— Well, it ________ be big — that’s not important.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t
C. can’t D. won’t Key:【B】
(2) need还可作实义动词
(a) The elderly man needs / wants /requires looking after every day . = The elderly man needs / wants / requires to be looked after every day .
(b) Does he need to take the medicine four times a day ?
9. dare的用法
(1) dare作为情态动词,主要用于疑问句,否定句和条件从句中,一般不用于肯定句.
a. How dare you say I’m unfair ?
b. He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare she ?
c. If he dare break the rule, he will be punished.
(2) dare作实义动词,有时态、人称和数的变化。所不同的是,在肯定句中,dare 后面通常接带to的不定式;在否定和疑问句中, dare后可接带to或不带to的不定式。
(a) I dare to swim across the river.
(b) He doesn’t dare (to) answer.
二、情态动词的推测性用法
can, could, may, might, must,其中,must所表示的可能性最大,最有把握,意为“一定”,而其否定式mustn’t表示“禁止、不准”;表示“不可能”要用can’t或couldn’t;may 和 might表示可能性时,主要用于肯定句中,might相对于may 来说,表示的可能性更小些。can和could主要用于否定句和疑问句中。情态动词表示猜测,我们首先要清楚被猜测的时间,其次要看有无事实根据。若有事实根据,则无论是肯定还是否定的猜测,猜测语气最强且符合时间要求的为最佳答案;若无事实根据,纯凭主观臆断,则猜测语气最弱且符合时间要求的为最佳答案。
1. can表示可能性时,指的是理论上的可能,它通常不用来表示某事实际发生的可能性或真实性。
You ________ be hungry already — you had lunch only two hours ago!(08’浙江)
A. wouldn’t B. can’t
C. mustn’tD. needn’tKey:【B】
如果我们要表达某事发生的实际可能性,要用may, could或might等。
(1) Children under 12 years of age in that country ________ be under adult supervision when in a public library. (04’上海)
A. must B. may C. can D. need
Key:【B】
(2) — I’ve taken someone else’s greensweater by mistake.
— It ________ Harry’s. He always wears green.(05’广东)
A. has to beB. will be
C. mustn’t beD. could be
Key:【D】
can表示猜测,用于肯定句,表示“一时的特征”可译为“有时会”。
Peter ________ be really difficult at times even though he’s a nice person in general.(08’辽宁)
A. shall B. should
C. can D. must Key:【C】
2. may和might表示推测只能用于肯定句或否定句,不能用于疑问句中。
Although this ________ sound like a simple task, great care is needed. (08’四川)
A. must B. mayC. shall D. should
【解析】题中没有客观事实根据,猜测语气要求最弱,故答案选【B】。
Helen ________ go on the trip with us, but she isn’t quite sure yet. (05’安徽)
A. shallB. must C. may D. can
【解析】由答语“I’m not sure”可以推测说话者的语气不肯定,故答案选【C】 。
May / Might it be cloudy tomorrow ?(×)
Can / Could it be cloudy tomorrow ?(√) 3. must的否定式是can’t / couldn’t
“must+动词原形”对目前的情况进行推测时以及用must+be+-ing形式对目前正在发生的情况进行推测时,表示“一定正在……”。
She must be waiting for us now .
三、情态动词 + have done的用法
“情态动词 + have done” 表示对过去情况的推测或估计,是历年高考的热点。
1. should (ought to) have+过去分词
表示过去应该做而(实际)没有做的事情,含有责备或遗憾的语气,意为“本应该……”。其否定形式为“should not /ought not to have + 过去分词”,其否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。
— I’m sorry. I________ at you the other day.(08’江苏卷)
— Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.
A. shouldn’t shout
B. shouldn’t have shouted
C. mustn’t shout
D. mustn’t have shoutedKey:【B】
2. needn’t have+过去分词
表示过去没有必要做某事, 但实际上做了某事。
As you worked late yesterday, you________ have come this morning.
(06’陕西)
A. mayn’tB. can’t
C. mustn’tD. needn’t
【解析】 He needn’t have come,表示“他本没有必要来(实际却来了)”;注意:He didn’t need to come意为“他没有必要来(实际也没来)”;根据句意,答案应选【D】。
3. must have + 过去分词
用于肯定句,表示“过去一定做过某事”,表示一种很有把握的推测。注意,对过去发生情况的否定推测常用can’t / couldn’t have +过去分词。
The teacher ________ have thought Johnson was worth it or she wouldn’t have wasted time on him, I suppose.(07’安徽)
A. shouldB. can C. wouldD. must
【解析】本题应选D 。本题的前一句说明一个结果,后一句则表示一个原因。表示对过去发生情况的否定推测。
4. may / might have+过去分词
表示对过去情况的一种不太有把握的可能性推测,表示“可能 / 大概已做了某事…… ”,否定句表示“可能还没有……”。
— I can’t find my purse anywhere.
— You _______ have lost it whileshopping.(08’重庆)
A. mayB. can
C. should D. would Key:【A】
5. can / could have+过去分词
肯定句表示“过去本来可以做某事,但实际上没有做”;否定句表示“不可能已做了某事”;疑问句表示“可能 / 也许已做了某事吗?”。
She _______ have left school, for her bike is still here. (08’天津)
A. can’tB. wouldn’t
C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
Key: 【A】
巩固性练习:从A、B、C、D中选择最佳答案。
1. Our house is on the top of the hill, and in winter the winds _______ be pretty cold.
A. need B. can C. mustD. shall
2. I can hear the Browns’ phone bell ringing but no one is answering it; they _______
be at home.
A. wouldB. mightC. needn’t D. can’t
3. Winter is coming; _______ spring be far away?
A. can B. shouldC. will D. must
4. — John, how did your English exam go?
— I thought I _______ , but in fact I came in the top 10% in the class.
A. should have failed
B. couldn’t have failed
C. might have failed
D. mustn’t have failed
5. My English - Chinese dictionary has disappeared. Who_______ have taken it?
A. should B. must
C. could D. would
6. I _______ have written to him because he would come back as he informed us.
A. couldn’t B. ought to
C. must D. needn’t
7. — I promise that his daughter______ get a nice present on her birthday.
— Will it be a big surprise to her?
A. should B. must
C. would D. shall
8. — I’m sorry that I didn’t turn on the air-conditioner.
— You_______. I didn’t feel a bit cold.
A. didn’t need bother
B didn’t need to bother
C. needn’t have bother
D. needn’t to bother
9. We were looking for you all this morning. You _______ office without a word.
A. mustn’t have left
B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have left
D. needn’t have left
10. I couldn’t wait for you any longer. I______ , and so I went.
A. must go B. must have gone
C. had to goD. should have gone
11. The best friend a man has in the world _____ turn against him and become his
enemy.
A. shallB. mayC. will D. would
12. —We need a person badly to be in charge of this design.
— _______ the new comer have a try?
A. MustB. WillC. Need D. Shall
13. — It’s so late. Our son _______ be back!
— Don’t worry. I dare say he _______have some extra work to do.
A. can; must B. will; might
C. should; must D. must; may
Keys for reference:
1-5 BDACC6-10 DDBBC
11-13 BDC
一、情态动词的非推测性用法
1.情态动词表示能力时,一般用can /could或be able to 。be able to用于表示能力并且可用于各种时态,而can只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态。此外,当表示过去成功地做成了某事时,只能用was / were able to。
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ________ get out .
(97’NMET)
A. had toB. would
C. could D. was able to
【解析】本题表示过去“成功地从火里逃出来”,故答案选【D】。
2. can / could和may / might
may表示允许,否定形式为mustn’t(不允许);can/could, may/might都可用来表示请求允许或许可。过去式could和might常用于疑问句,表示礼貌,答语中常用原形can或者may,不可再用过去式could或might。
(1) — Could I borrow your dictionary?
— Yes, of course you________ .(92’NMET)
A. mightB. will C. canD. should
【解析】本题的前一句用could提问,表示委婉的请求,答语中应用原形can,故答案选【C】。
(2) — I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins. _______ I have a look?
—Yes,certainly.(02’北京春招)
A. DoB. MayC. ShallD. Should
【解析】 “may / might I … ”表示请求对方允许或许可;“Shall+ I / we …”表示征求对方意见,故答案选【B】 。
3. must与have to都可以表示“必须”的意思,但must表示主观看法,have to则侧重于客观需要。
(1) — What do you think we can do for our aged parents?
— You ________ do anything except to be with them and be yourself.(07’湖南卷)
A. don’t have to B. oughtn’t to
C. mustn’t D. can’tKey:【A】
(2) All passengers must wear seat belts.
【固定短语】 If you must表示无可奈何地同意某人干某事。
— May I smoke here ? (06’山东卷)
— If you ________ , choose a seat in the smoking section.
A. shouldB. could
C. may D. mustKey:【D】
4. will作情态动词时有以下用法:
(1)当情态动词will表示意愿或决心时,也可用于条件状语从句。
If you will listen to me, I’ll give you some advice on how to learn English.
(2) 表示请求。
Will you give me a hand ?
(3) 表示没有时间限制的倾向性动作或习惯。
Oil will float on water.
5.would的用法
(1)表示礼貌的请求。
Would you close the window, please?
(2)表示过去的倾向性动作或习惯。
John promised his doctor he ________ not smoke, and he has smoked ever since. (08’北京卷)
A. might B. should
C. could D. would Key: 【D】 (3) 表示想必现在 / 过去……;现在/过去可能……
He would be back today / yesterday .
6. shall的用法。
shall用于第一、三人称疑问句,用来征求对方意见;用于第二、三人称陈述句,表示说话人的命令、警告、允诺、威胁或决心等。
(1) — What’s the name?
— Khulaifi . ________ I spell that for you?(06’北京)
A. Shall B. Would
C. Can D. MightKey:【A】
(2) — What does the sign over there read? (07’四川)
—“No person ________ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette,cigar orpipe in this area.”
A. will B. may
C. shall D. must Key: 【C】
7. should 的用法
(1) Should 表示劝告、建议、命令,有义务、有责任做某事,意为“应该”。
— I think I’ll give Bob a ring.
— You ________. You haven’t been in touch with him for ages. (06’江苏)
A. will B. may
C. have to D. shouldKey: 【D】
(2) Should 可以用来表示“推测”,意为“可能、该”。相当于be expected to。往往指具有一定的客观根据或根据合理的推断,且所期待的事几乎已成为事实,因此不是虚拟语气。
— How’s your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?
—It ________ be, but it is now heavily polluted.(07’全国I)
A. willB. would
C. should D. mustKey: 【C】
(3) should可以用于较强语气的假设情形中,表示“竟然;万一”之意。
________ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.(06’湖北)
A. Would you beB. Should you be
C. Could you be D. Might you be
Key:【B】
8. need用作情态动词,仅用于否定句和疑问句或条件句。在肯定句中要用must, have to, should, ought to或将need当作行为动词使用。
We need to work hard.
You needn’t worry = You don’t need to worry.
If you need go there, please let me know.
【注意】 (1) needn’t = don’t have to 不必 。
— What sort of house do you want to have? Something big? (08’陕西)
— Well, it ________ be big — that’s not important.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t
C. can’t D. won’t Key:【B】
(2) need还可作实义动词
(a) The elderly man needs / wants /requires looking after every day . = The elderly man needs / wants / requires to be looked after every day .
(b) Does he need to take the medicine four times a day ?
9. dare的用法
(1) dare作为情态动词,主要用于疑问句,否定句和条件从句中,一般不用于肯定句.
a. How dare you say I’m unfair ?
b. He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare she ?
c. If he dare break the rule, he will be punished.
(2) dare作实义动词,有时态、人称和数的变化。所不同的是,在肯定句中,dare 后面通常接带to的不定式;在否定和疑问句中, dare后可接带to或不带to的不定式。
(a) I dare to swim across the river.
(b) He doesn’t dare (to) answer.
二、情态动词的推测性用法
can, could, may, might, must,其中,must所表示的可能性最大,最有把握,意为“一定”,而其否定式mustn’t表示“禁止、不准”;表示“不可能”要用can’t或couldn’t;may 和 might表示可能性时,主要用于肯定句中,might相对于may 来说,表示的可能性更小些。can和could主要用于否定句和疑问句中。情态动词表示猜测,我们首先要清楚被猜测的时间,其次要看有无事实根据。若有事实根据,则无论是肯定还是否定的猜测,猜测语气最强且符合时间要求的为最佳答案;若无事实根据,纯凭主观臆断,则猜测语气最弱且符合时间要求的为最佳答案。
1. can表示可能性时,指的是理论上的可能,它通常不用来表示某事实际发生的可能性或真实性。
You ________ be hungry already — you had lunch only two hours ago!(08’浙江)
A. wouldn’t B. can’t
C. mustn’tD. needn’tKey:【B】
如果我们要表达某事发生的实际可能性,要用may, could或might等。
(1) Children under 12 years of age in that country ________ be under adult supervision when in a public library. (04’上海)
A. must B. may C. can D. need
Key:【B】
(2) — I’ve taken someone else’s greensweater by mistake.
— It ________ Harry’s. He always wears green.(05’广东)
A. has to beB. will be
C. mustn’t beD. could be
Key:【D】
can表示猜测,用于肯定句,表示“一时的特征”可译为“有时会”。
Peter ________ be really difficult at times even though he’s a nice person in general.(08’辽宁)
A. shall B. should
C. can D. must Key:【C】
2. may和might表示推测只能用于肯定句或否定句,不能用于疑问句中。
Although this ________ sound like a simple task, great care is needed. (08’四川)
A. must B. mayC. shall D. should
【解析】题中没有客观事实根据,猜测语气要求最弱,故答案选【B】。
Helen ________ go on the trip with us, but she isn’t quite sure yet. (05’安徽)
A. shallB. must C. may D. can
【解析】由答语“I’m not sure”可以推测说话者的语气不肯定,故答案选【C】 。
May / Might it be cloudy tomorrow ?(×)
Can / Could it be cloudy tomorrow ?(√) 3. must的否定式是can’t / couldn’t
“must+动词原形”对目前的情况进行推测时以及用must+be+-ing形式对目前正在发生的情况进行推测时,表示“一定正在……”。
She must be waiting for us now .
三、情态动词 + have done的用法
“情态动词 + have done” 表示对过去情况的推测或估计,是历年高考的热点。
1. should (ought to) have+过去分词
表示过去应该做而(实际)没有做的事情,含有责备或遗憾的语气,意为“本应该……”。其否定形式为“should not /ought not to have + 过去分词”,其否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。
— I’m sorry. I________ at you the other day.(08’江苏卷)
— Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.
A. shouldn’t shout
B. shouldn’t have shouted
C. mustn’t shout
D. mustn’t have shoutedKey:【B】
2. needn’t have+过去分词
表示过去没有必要做某事, 但实际上做了某事。
As you worked late yesterday, you________ have come this morning.
(06’陕西)
A. mayn’tB. can’t
C. mustn’tD. needn’t
【解析】 He needn’t have come,表示“他本没有必要来(实际却来了)”;注意:He didn’t need to come意为“他没有必要来(实际也没来)”;根据句意,答案应选【D】。
3. must have + 过去分词
用于肯定句,表示“过去一定做过某事”,表示一种很有把握的推测。注意,对过去发生情况的否定推测常用can’t / couldn’t have +过去分词。
The teacher ________ have thought Johnson was worth it or she wouldn’t have wasted time on him, I suppose.(07’安徽)
A. shouldB. can C. wouldD. must
【解析】本题应选D 。本题的前一句说明一个结果,后一句则表示一个原因。表示对过去发生情况的否定推测。
4. may / might have+过去分词
表示对过去情况的一种不太有把握的可能性推测,表示“可能 / 大概已做了某事…… ”,否定句表示“可能还没有……”。
— I can’t find my purse anywhere.
— You _______ have lost it whileshopping.(08’重庆)
A. mayB. can
C. should D. would Key:【A】
5. can / could have+过去分词
肯定句表示“过去本来可以做某事,但实际上没有做”;否定句表示“不可能已做了某事”;疑问句表示“可能 / 也许已做了某事吗?”。
She _______ have left school, for her bike is still here. (08’天津)
A. can’tB. wouldn’t
C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
Key: 【A】
巩固性练习:从A、B、C、D中选择最佳答案。
1. Our house is on the top of the hill, and in winter the winds _______ be pretty cold.
A. need B. can C. mustD. shall
2. I can hear the Browns’ phone bell ringing but no one is answering it; they _______
be at home.
A. wouldB. mightC. needn’t D. can’t
3. Winter is coming; _______ spring be far away?
A. can B. shouldC. will D. must
4. — John, how did your English exam go?
— I thought I _______ , but in fact I came in the top 10% in the class.
A. should have failed
B. couldn’t have failed
C. might have failed
D. mustn’t have failed
5. My English - Chinese dictionary has disappeared. Who_______ have taken it?
A. should B. must
C. could D. would
6. I _______ have written to him because he would come back as he informed us.
A. couldn’t B. ought to
C. must D. needn’t
7. — I promise that his daughter______ get a nice present on her birthday.
— Will it be a big surprise to her?
A. should B. must
C. would D. shall
8. — I’m sorry that I didn’t turn on the air-conditioner.
— You_______. I didn’t feel a bit cold.
A. didn’t need bother
B didn’t need to bother
C. needn’t have bother
D. needn’t to bother
9. We were looking for you all this morning. You _______ office without a word.
A. mustn’t have left
B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have left
D. needn’t have left
10. I couldn’t wait for you any longer. I______ , and so I went.
A. must go B. must have gone
C. had to goD. should have gone
11. The best friend a man has in the world _____ turn against him and become his
enemy.
A. shallB. mayC. will D. would
12. —We need a person badly to be in charge of this design.
— _______ the new comer have a try?
A. MustB. WillC. Need D. Shall
13. — It’s so late. Our son _______ be back!
— Don’t worry. I dare say he _______have some extra work to do.
A. can; must B. will; might
C. should; must D. must; may
Keys for reference:
1-5 BDACC6-10 DDBBC
11-13 BDC