马克思经常受到历史唯物主义和辩证唯物主义批评家们的抨击。他们把马克思的历史学称之为经济主义的、还原主义的、决定论的。有些人指责马克思的“周期论”和“历史主义”(hisoricism,又译历史循环论),他们认为马克思把一切社会都说成是经历着始于原始共产主义而终于完善的共产主义的一系列历史阶段。某些马克思主义者放弃了这种观点,而找到了人道主义的“青年马克思”和经济主义的“老年马克思”之间的区别。另一些马克思主义则坚持主张清除了人道主义和历史主义成分的结构主义的马克思。还有一些马克思主义者反对强调经济基础和生产方式,主张国家和政治领域的相对独立性。 Marx is often criticized by historical materialists and dialectical materialist critics. They call Marx's historical science economist, reductive, and deterministic. Some criticize Marx's “theory of cycles” and “hisoricism,” which they consider to be a series of histories of communism that have finally been perfected by primitive communism stage. Some Marxists gave up this view and found the difference between the humanitarian “young Marx” and the economic “old Marx.” Other Marxists insisted on Marxism, a structuralist advocating the removal of the elements of humanitarianism and historicism. Still other Marxists oppose the emphasis on economic foundations and modes of production and advocate the relative independence of the state and the political field.