清代滇铜、黔铅京运过程中的沉铜、沉铅事件大多发生在四川泸州以东的长江和大运河沿线,特别是在重庆巴县到宜昌府的川江险滩之上。如果发生铜船或铅船沉没铜铅沉失,原则上完全由运员负责打捞和赔补,同时负责的运员和地方官会面临一系列惩罚,在制度层面上是相当严格的。清代专门列出了京铜转运过程中的各滩难险程度,形成滩次,不同的难险程度相应有不同的赔付办法。从各地捞获的数量来看,在大运河、长江中下游的捞获比例较大,而在重庆以东的长江三峡一线捞获的比例最小。从铜铅捞获比例来看,铅的打捞比例相对较高。由于地方官与运员的利益是一致的,所以,地方官会尽力为运员沉铜、沉铅事件开脱。清政府为了不影响地方官和运员承运的积极性,在要求运员和地方官严格赔付、缉拿水摸盗铜案件的同时,经常豁免一些沉铜、沉铅赔付。清代水摸是一种纯粹的商业性职业,主要是临时接受运员和地方官的雇用打捞。水摸多数由桡夫水手兼职。在滇铜、黔铅的转运过程中,偷盗沉铜、沉铅相当频繁,社会上对偷捞沉铜、沉铅现象见惯不惊。在清代的技术背景和社会风尚下,这样庞大的转运工程难以完善,地方官员往往力保运员,而朝廷不断豁免沉铜、沉铅来寻求社会运行的平衡,制度设计层面与实际运行层面存在较大差距。 In the Qing Dynasty, the copper-sinking and lead-sinking in the process of copper and lead in Beijing occurred mostly along the Yangtze River and Grand Canal to the east of Luzhou in Sichuan Province, especially above the river bank in Sichuan Province from Baxian to Yichang in Chongqing. In the event of the sinking of copper and lead in a copper or lead ship sinking, it is entirely the responsibility of the carrier to salvage and indemnify it completely. In the meantime, the responsible transporter and local authority officials will face a series of penalties which are rather strict at the institutional level. The Qing Dynasty made a special listing of the difficulty of each beach in the process of transiting Beijing and Tongji, and formed different times of different payment methods according to different levels of difficulty. In terms of the quantity of fish harvested from all over the country, the proportion of fish harvested in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is greater in the Grand Canal than in the Yangtze River Three Gorges east of Chongqing. From the proportion of copper and lead fishing, the proportion of lead recovery is relatively high. Since the interest of local officials and transporters is consistent, the local officials will try their best to excuse the sinking of copper and lead by sinking lead. In order not to affect the enthusiasm of local officials and transport carriers, the Qing government, while requiring the transport crew and local officials to strictly pay and seize water to fight copper pirates, often exempt them from some deposits of copper and lead. Water touch in the Qing Dynasty is a purely commercial occupation, mainly temporary acceptance by local officials and local officials. Touch by the majority of water miles sailor part-time. In Yunnan copper, Qian lead transport process, the theft of copper, Shen lead quite frequently, the community on the sinking of copper, lead-free phenomenon, see no surprise. Under the technical background and social customs of the Qing Dynasty, such a huge trans-shipment project was difficult to be perfected. Local officials tended to insure the convoy, while the court continued to exempt Shen-plutonium and Shen-plumb to find a balance between social operation, institutional design and practical operation There is a big gap.