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完形填空的选项不仅要合乎语法、惯用搭配，还要合乎语义。但大部分学生在做完形填空时，头脑中完全没有文章的整体概念，解题过程中只凭词汇本身的含义、句子的内部结构来选取答案，没有考虑句子之间的关系、文章的衔接与连贯、语境等因素。因此，学生完形填空的解题能力普遍不太理想。
下面笔者以一篇短文为例，来说明学生在完形填空中存在的问题及产生的原因。
例：The year I went to college was a very difficult transition(过渡期) for me. 1 is probably true with many people. I got quite homesick and 2 thought about going home.
Although the 3 time for many students is getting 4 from home, my mailbox was frequently 5 . One day when I went to the mailbox, there was a postcard 6 out at me. I sat down to read it, 7 a note from someone back home. 8 I became increasingly puzzled (困惑) as 9 postcards were like this：It was a full news report about woman named Mabel and her newborn baby. I took the card back to my room and 10 about it.
Several days later I 11 another postcard, this one 12 news about Maybelline, Mabel’s cousin. Soon after, another card arrived and then another, 13 full of news of different people. I began to 14 look forward to the next one, 15 to see what this author would come up with 16 . I was never 17 .
Finally, the cards 18 coming, right about the time I had begun to feel 19 about college life. They had been such a happy distraction that I have 20 all the postcards and still bring them out to read whenever I need a lift.
1.A. If B. So
C. As D. What
2.A.often B.carefully
C. seldom D. merely
3.A.hard B.last
C.busiest D.happiest
4.A.visitors B.letters
C.calls D.directions
5.A.empty B.full
C.closed D.open
6.A.pouring B.reaching
C.staring D.rolling
7.A.describing B.considering
C.discovering D.developing
8.A.But B.Thus
C.Also D.Even
9.A.any B.no
C.some D.such
10.A.joked B.talked
C.forgot D.cared
11.A.mailed B.accepted
C.wrote D.received
12.A.delivering B.demanding
C.discovering D.developing
13.A.one B.each
C.either D.both
14.A.nearly B.possibly
C.usually D.really
15.A.promising B.surprised
C.interested D.pretending
16.A.below B.lately
C.next D.behind
17.A.frightened B.disappointed
C.excited D.pleased
18.A.continued B.stopped
C.started D.avoided
19.A.easy B.safe
C.tired D.anxious
20.A.lost B.collected
C.torn D.saved
(选自2006年普通高校招生全国统一考试英语试题全国卷)
一、缺乏推测文章大意的意识与方法
预测文章大意可以通过寻找文章开始段、结尾段及各段的主题句或是文章中不设空的句子，来领悟短文的主题和内容。如果学生缺少篇章的结构意识，即不重视文章的大意，就无法从整体上把握和理解文章，文章就会变得支离破碎。
文章中开头不设空的句子或段中不设空的句子，以及各段的主题句，都是理解文章主旨和结构的关键。例如在这篇完形填空中，第一段首句“The year I went to college was a very difficult transition(过渡期 )for me”，第二段中不设空的句子“It (Postcards) was a full news report about woman named Mabel and her newbom baby”，以及第三段和第四段的开头的主题句“several days later I (received) another postcard，this one (delivering) news about Maybe line，Mabel’s cousin”“Finally，the cards (stopped)coming，right about the time I had begun to feel (easy) about college life”等都是学生值得关注的句子。通过第一个主题句学生可以预测，文章是写作者进了大学以后有个从难到易的过渡期，从常识预测刚进大学应该是到了陌生环境后的不适应。那么之中使其改变的转折点是什么呢？搜索一下关键词应该是作者收到的“postcards”。再从三、四两段的设空主题句基本可以推测文章大意是作者进入大学后感到孤单，但意外地收到了一张明信片，这张明信片帮助他度过了那段比较艰难的时期。这样,就能很快读懂全文。
所以在做完形填空时，应首先快速浏览一遍全文，注意寻找各个段落的开头和结尾以及文章中不设空的句子，因为这些都是主题句出现的地方。这样,有助于学生理解和推测文章的大意。
二、缺少语境意识和文化背景常识，缺乏想象力，忽视上下文情节的发展
完形填空的趋势之一就是在语境中考察词义。所以一篇完形填空就是一条情节链，任何情节链上出现偏差都会导致选项的错误。如空2，本题要求填一个频率副词，上文谈到我经常想家(homesick)，所以会经常(often)想回家。又如空6，情景是这样的:当我打开邮箱，发现邮箱里静静地躺着一张明信片。通过这样的情景和常识就可以判断明信片在盯着我看(stare out at me)。情节链的发展由上文确定或由下文确定，如果是由上文确定的话，整个情节链的发展就会很顺利，反之，就会使理解比较困难。比如空4中“letters”的选项，学生容易产生迷惑，是收到电话(calls)还是信件(letters)才能在离家后感到开心呢?如果我们能耐心地做完整篇完形填空，就会很容易知道是信件(letters)。文中的空3、5、7、10等都需要从上下文所提供的语境来判断选择。
三、缺乏从句子间、段落间的逻辑关系进行推理和判断的意识和能力
如第二段中的空8就是测试逻辑联系词，要选择正确的连接词，就要弄懂本句和上一句的关系。从上一句我们知道，作者有一天收到了一张明信片，他期待是家人的来信，应该开心才对。但本句中有“puzzled(迷惑的)”作为提示，意思是作者收到明信片却很迷惑，这样答案就应该选择“A.But”，在此处起到了使下句意思与上句形成鲜明对比的作用。再如最后一段中的空19，如果要在“easy(简单的，舒适的)、safe(安全的)、tired(疲劳的)、anxious(焦虑的)”中选出正确答案，就必须了解文章的大意。根据文章第一句的提示，文章的大意是讲作者在刚进入大学时从不适应到适应的过渡期，而最后一段开头连接词“Finally”提示我们这一段描述的应该是最后的结局，所以最后作者的大学生活应该已经过渡到比较适应的阶段了，“easy(简单的，舒适的)”就是正确选项了。
四、缺乏牢固的语言基础知识
例如空20主要是考察词义辨析，通过上下文情景可以判断作者收到的明信片对他来说是一种开心的调剂，当作者不开心的时候常常会拿出来看。这样的话，“lost(丢失)、tom(撕破)”就很容易排除了，考察的重点就在于区分“collect(收集)”和“save(贮存)”的含义了。“collect”是指从别人手中拿来，而“save”是积攒和贮存的意思，清楚了两个词的意思，学生就能选出正确选项D了。
（作者单位：江苏省如皋市搬经中学）
下面笔者以一篇短文为例，来说明学生在完形填空中存在的问题及产生的原因。
例：The year I went to college was a very difficult transition(过渡期) for me. 1 is probably true with many people. I got quite homesick and 2 thought about going home.
Although the 3 time for many students is getting 4 from home, my mailbox was frequently 5 . One day when I went to the mailbox, there was a postcard 6 out at me. I sat down to read it, 7 a note from someone back home. 8 I became increasingly puzzled (困惑) as 9 postcards were like this：It was a full news report about woman named Mabel and her newborn baby. I took the card back to my room and 10 about it.
Several days later I 11 another postcard, this one 12 news about Maybelline, Mabel’s cousin. Soon after, another card arrived and then another, 13 full of news of different people. I began to 14 look forward to the next one, 15 to see what this author would come up with 16 . I was never 17 .
Finally, the cards 18 coming, right about the time I had begun to feel 19 about college life. They had been such a happy distraction that I have 20 all the postcards and still bring them out to read whenever I need a lift.
1.A. If B. So
C. As D. What
2.A.often B.carefully
C. seldom D. merely
3.A.hard B.last
C.busiest D.happiest
4.A.visitors B.letters
C.calls D.directions
5.A.empty B.full
C.closed D.open
6.A.pouring B.reaching
C.staring D.rolling
7.A.describing B.considering
C.discovering D.developing
8.A.But B.Thus
C.Also D.Even
9.A.any B.no
C.some D.such
10.A.joked B.talked
C.forgot D.cared
11.A.mailed B.accepted
C.wrote D.received
12.A.delivering B.demanding
C.discovering D.developing
13.A.one B.each
C.either D.both
14.A.nearly B.possibly
C.usually D.really
15.A.promising B.surprised
C.interested D.pretending
16.A.below B.lately
C.next D.behind
17.A.frightened B.disappointed
C.excited D.pleased
18.A.continued B.stopped
C.started D.avoided
19.A.easy B.safe
C.tired D.anxious
20.A.lost B.collected
C.torn D.saved
(选自2006年普通高校招生全国统一考试英语试题全国卷)
一、缺乏推测文章大意的意识与方法
预测文章大意可以通过寻找文章开始段、结尾段及各段的主题句或是文章中不设空的句子，来领悟短文的主题和内容。如果学生缺少篇章的结构意识，即不重视文章的大意，就无法从整体上把握和理解文章，文章就会变得支离破碎。
文章中开头不设空的句子或段中不设空的句子，以及各段的主题句，都是理解文章主旨和结构的关键。例如在这篇完形填空中，第一段首句“The year I went to college was a very difficult transition(过渡期 )for me”，第二段中不设空的句子“It (Postcards) was a full news report about woman named Mabel and her newbom baby”，以及第三段和第四段的开头的主题句“several days later I (received) another postcard，this one (delivering) news about Maybe line，Mabel’s cousin”“Finally，the cards (stopped)coming，right about the time I had begun to feel (easy) about college life”等都是学生值得关注的句子。通过第一个主题句学生可以预测，文章是写作者进了大学以后有个从难到易的过渡期，从常识预测刚进大学应该是到了陌生环境后的不适应。那么之中使其改变的转折点是什么呢？搜索一下关键词应该是作者收到的“postcards”。再从三、四两段的设空主题句基本可以推测文章大意是作者进入大学后感到孤单，但意外地收到了一张明信片，这张明信片帮助他度过了那段比较艰难的时期。这样,就能很快读懂全文。
所以在做完形填空时，应首先快速浏览一遍全文，注意寻找各个段落的开头和结尾以及文章中不设空的句子，因为这些都是主题句出现的地方。这样,有助于学生理解和推测文章的大意。
二、缺少语境意识和文化背景常识，缺乏想象力，忽视上下文情节的发展
完形填空的趋势之一就是在语境中考察词义。所以一篇完形填空就是一条情节链，任何情节链上出现偏差都会导致选项的错误。如空2，本题要求填一个频率副词，上文谈到我经常想家(homesick)，所以会经常(often)想回家。又如空6，情景是这样的:当我打开邮箱，发现邮箱里静静地躺着一张明信片。通过这样的情景和常识就可以判断明信片在盯着我看(stare out at me)。情节链的发展由上文确定或由下文确定，如果是由上文确定的话，整个情节链的发展就会很顺利，反之，就会使理解比较困难。比如空4中“letters”的选项，学生容易产生迷惑，是收到电话(calls)还是信件(letters)才能在离家后感到开心呢?如果我们能耐心地做完整篇完形填空，就会很容易知道是信件(letters)。文中的空3、5、7、10等都需要从上下文所提供的语境来判断选择。
三、缺乏从句子间、段落间的逻辑关系进行推理和判断的意识和能力
如第二段中的空8就是测试逻辑联系词，要选择正确的连接词，就要弄懂本句和上一句的关系。从上一句我们知道，作者有一天收到了一张明信片，他期待是家人的来信，应该开心才对。但本句中有“puzzled(迷惑的)”作为提示，意思是作者收到明信片却很迷惑，这样答案就应该选择“A.But”，在此处起到了使下句意思与上句形成鲜明对比的作用。再如最后一段中的空19，如果要在“easy(简单的，舒适的)、safe(安全的)、tired(疲劳的)、anxious(焦虑的)”中选出正确答案，就必须了解文章的大意。根据文章第一句的提示，文章的大意是讲作者在刚进入大学时从不适应到适应的过渡期，而最后一段开头连接词“Finally”提示我们这一段描述的应该是最后的结局，所以最后作者的大学生活应该已经过渡到比较适应的阶段了，“easy(简单的，舒适的)”就是正确选项了。
四、缺乏牢固的语言基础知识
例如空20主要是考察词义辨析，通过上下文情景可以判断作者收到的明信片对他来说是一种开心的调剂，当作者不开心的时候常常会拿出来看。这样的话，“lost(丢失)、tom(撕破)”就很容易排除了，考察的重点就在于区分“collect(收集)”和“save(贮存)”的含义了。“collect”是指从别人手中拿来，而“save”是积攒和贮存的意思，清楚了两个词的意思，学生就能选出正确选项D了。
（作者单位：江苏省如皋市搬经中学）