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miRNAs是一组短小非编码RNA，在转录后调节基因表达水平从而影响机体重要的生理和病理生理过程。许多miRNA具有组织或器官特异性，可能成为潜在的生物标志物。同样，miRNAs在肾脏的生理功能和肾脏疾病方面发挥重要作用。文章综述miRNA对肾脏疾病影响的最新进展，为今后肾脏病的诊断和治疗提供参考。“,”MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional lev-el and then affect important physiological and pathological processes. Many microRNAs are tissue or organ-speciifc which make it possible for them to become potential biomarkers. Similarly, microRNAs are important for physiological functions of kidney and they are involved in various renal disorders. The review summarizes current information about microRNA effect on various kidney diseases, in order to provide references for the diagnosis and treatment of kidney disease in the future.