Rice grain filling determines grain weight,final yield and grain quality.Here,a rice defective grain filling mutant,gif2,was identified.Grains of gif2 showed a slower filling rate and a significant lower final grain weight and yield compared to wild-type.The starch content in gif2 was noticeably decreased and its physicochemical properties were also altered.Moreover,gif2 endosperm cells showed obvious defects in compound granule formation.Positional cloning identified GIF2 to encode an ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase(AGP) large subunit,AGPL2;consequently,AGP enzyme activity in gif2 endosperms was remarkably decreased.GIF2 is mainly expressed in developing grains and the coded protein localizes in the cytosol.Yeast two hybrid assay showed that GIF2 interacted with AGP small subunits Os AGPS1,Os AGPS2a and Os AGPS2 b.Transcript levels for granule-bound starch synthase,starch synthase,starch branching enzyme and starch debranching enzyme were distinctly elevated in gif2 grains.In addition,the level of nucleotide diversity of the GIF2 locus was extremely low in both cultivated and wild rice.All of these results suggest that GIF2 plays important roles in the regulation of grain filling and starch biosynthesis during caryopsis development,and that it has been preserved during selection throughout domestication of modern rice. Grains of gif2 showed a slow filling rate and a significant lower final grain weight and yield compared to wild-type. The starch content in gif2 was noticeably decreased and its physicochemical properties were also altered. Moreover, gif2 endosperm cells showed obvious defects in compound granule formation. Positional cloning identified GIF2 to encode an ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) large subunit, AGPL2; AGP enzyme activity in gif2 endosperms was remarkably decreased. GIF2 was mainly expressed in the developing grains and the coded protein localizes in the cytosol. Yeast two hybrid assay showed that GIF2 interacted with AGP small subunits Os AGPS1, Os AGPS2a and Os AGPS2 b. Transcript levels for granule-bound starch synthase, starch synthase, starch branching enzyme and starch debranching enzyme were distinctly elevated in gif2 grains. In addition, t he level of nucleotide diversity of the GIF2 locus was extremely low both in cultivated and wild rice. All of these results suggest that GIF2 plays important roles in the regulation of grain filling and starch biosynthesis during caryopsis development, and that it it has been preserved during selection throughout domestication of modern rice.