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美国女作家劳拉·李出版的名为《天气改变了历史》一书，从真实和神秘的洪水到晴朗天空下第一颗原子弹的爆炸，探究了气候是如何多次改变了人类历史的漫长进程。下面就是劳拉列举出的暴风雨改变历史的十大事件：
海风拯救了西方文明
希腊文明以及接下来整个的西方文明能够延续下来，可以说离不开希波战争中的一场海风。当年，波斯帝国正处于鼎盛时期，完全有能力推翻希腊大陆。然而人算不如天算，在公元前480年的萨拉米斯海战中，尽管波斯舰队在数量上占绝对优势，但是希腊海军将领特米斯托克利斯通过利用他的风力知识，轻而易举地扭转了战争的形势，为希腊文明赢得了发展繁荣的可能性。
西班牙无敌舰队遭遇风暴
如萨拉米斯海战之于波斯和希腊，1588年西班牙无敌舰队的失利一直被认为是西方文明史上最关键的战役之一。为了争夺海上霸权，西班牙和英国于1588年8月在英吉利海峡进行了一场举世瞩目、激烈壮观的大海战。这次海战，西班牙实力强大，武器先进，而当时英国军队规模不大。两军相比，西班牙明显占据绝对优势。但是，在“无敌舰队”起航不久即遇到大西洋风暴的袭击，许多船只被毁坏，淡水从仓促制成的木桶中漏出，食物大量腐烂变质，水手们疲惫不堪，大多数步兵也因为晕船而失去战斗力。“无敌舰队”还没有与英国交战就先折兵，战斗力大大受到削弱。撤退时，剩下的西班牙舰队在苏格兰北部海域再次遇到大风暴，一些舰船又被海浪吞噬或触礁沉没。到1588年10月，“无敌舰队”仅剩43艘残破船只返回西班牙，近乎全军覆没。而英舰没有损失，阵亡海员水手只有百人左右。无敌舰队的惨败标志着西班牙海上霸权从此丧失，从此以后西班牙在海上的实力开始一蹶不振，英国开始走上海上霸主的位置。
一场大雾为华盛顿留下了活口
1776年乔治·华盛顿任美军统帅时，美国军队由志愿兵组成，既没有武器也没有制服。而相比之下，英军却装备齐全。1776年8月22日，在美国独立战争中的长岛战役中，华盛顿将军率领的美军本来可能遭到彻底的挫败，可是一场适时的大雾掩护着美军顺利撤退，致使美军以后有机会反攻。
神奇的台风拯救了日本
公元13世纪，蒙古帝国统治者忽必烈可汗一心想征服日本，结果却因两场神奇的季风而遭到了挫败。据历史记载，公元1274年，蒙古大汗忽必烈曾派出一支900艘战舰组成的舰队东征日本，遭到日本武士的抵抗，后又因海上突然刮起强烈的台风，使蒙古人船毁人亡，全军覆没。1281年，忽必烈又组织了一支4400艘战舰组成的超大规模舰队再次东征日本。蒙古军队在高岛附近又一次遭到台风袭击，绝大多数船只沉入海底。日本神道教僧人一直相信这两场台风来自祈祷的力量，因此之后便把这两次葬元军入鱼腹、救日本于转瞬的暴风称之为“神风”。
奴隶起义被暴风雨泡汤
美国历史上很少发生大规模奴隶起义，1800年8月30日，在弗吉尼亚州里士满，加百利牵头号召当地数千奴隶站起来反抗主人，拿起武器解放全城的奴隶。但是，一场猛烈的暴风雨使得反判者没法长时间聚集在一起商量计划，于是一场可能改变美国历史的奴隶起义就此化为了泡影。
冰雹加速了法国大革命
18世纪的法国，经济危机四伏。这个国家已经因为帮助美洲殖民者与英国作战导致债台高筑而陷于经济危机。更为不幸的是，一场春旱使得食品价格飞涨，而接下来的一场冰雹彻底砸坏了地里的庄稼，使得农田变成一片废墟。饥饿的人民终于忍无可忍，拿起了武器进行最大的反抗，之后，法国大革命很快到来了。
拿破仑败在了寒冬手下
1812年5月9日，在欧洲大陆上取得了一系列辉煌胜利的拿破仑离开了巴黎，率领浩浩荡荡的60万大军远征俄罗斯。法军凭借先进的战法、猛烈的炮火长驱直入，在短短的几个月内直捣莫斯科城，进城后掠夺一空，根本没有想到冬天的到来带来的后果。几周后，寒冷的天气给拿破仑大军带来了致命的诅咒。在饥寒交迫下，1812年冬天，拿破仑大军被迫在零下40度的严寒中从莫斯科撤退，沿途60万士兵被活活冻死和饿死，到12月初，60万拿破仑大军只剩下了1万5千人。这次失败标志着拿破仑帝国灭亡的开始，也使得俄罗斯作为一个欧洲强国的地位逐渐树立起来。
广岛的天气决定了它成为原子弹目标
1945年8月6日，广岛上空晴空万里，这是一个很好的夏天。7点09分，一架气象侦察机飞过广岛上空，发回报告，“云层覆盖小于十分之三，建议最先投放原子弹”。这意味着，广岛的晴朗天气适合投放第一颗原子弹，从而揭开这悲惨的一幕。更为戏剧性的事情随后发生，8月8日，第二颗原子弹载入B-29轰炸机，但是作为原定投放目标的小仓市上空乌云密布，不适合原子弹投放，因此备选的长崎市就不幸成为了第二颗原子弹的目标。
希特勒重蹈拿破仑覆辙
1941年9月30日，德军对莫斯科发动了代号“台风”的大规模攻势，妄图在十天之内攻占它。显然，希特勒没有借鉴历史，一心想取代拿破仑进攻莫斯科。但是，形势远远没有预想的乐观，台风席卷苏联，莫斯科的气温已下降到零下二十至三十度。寒冷之下，德军没有棉衣，飞机和坦克无法发动，坦克上的光学窥镜也失去了作用。而苏军，他们却习惯寒带生活，而且穿上了棉衣、皮靴和护耳冬帽。最后，苏军击溃了进攻莫斯科的德军，取得了莫斯科保卫战的胜利。德军在莫斯科战役中的失败，标志着希特勒闪电战的彻底破产。
“北方战争”受气候影响
为了打通波罗的海出海口，俄国同瑞典进行了长达二十一年的“北方战争”。1709年7月，4.2万俄军同3.2万瑞军在波尔塔瓦展开激战。当时的瑞典国王查尔斯七世带领部队进入俄境内，由于俄国冬天寒冷，气候恶劣，瑞军在长途跋涉中就损失了数人，最终因寒冷的冬天而战败。战后，俄国就正式称“俄罗斯帝国”，成为欧洲列强之一。
In the west， both Napoleon and Hitler were beaten by the cold weather in Russia. In the east， Zhuge Liang， （a statesman and strategist， prime minister of the Kingdom of Shu in the period of the Three Kingdoms） burned Red Cliff by virtue of east wind to win the war eventually and form the tripartite state of Three Kingdoms
From the historical evolution and the development of civilization， we see the influence of climate. Facing the current issues of climate change， what can we learn from the history？
Blame It on the Rain： How the Weather Has Changed History written by Laura Lee， an American woman writer， explores how climate changed the mankind's history for many times， from the real and mysterious floods to the explosion of the first atomic bomb in the clear sky. The following ten events are listed by Laura to show how storms change history：
Sea breezes saved western culture
Ancient Greek culture and the whole western culture after that can’t survive without a sea breeze in Greco-Persian Wars. In those years， the Persian Empire was in a period of great prosperity and had the ability to completely overthrow the Greek mainland. However， unpredictably， in the Salamis naval battle in 480 BC， although the Persian fleet had absolute advantage in quantity， the Greek naval commander Thermistocles made full use of his excellent knowledge of wind to easily reverse the situation and win the possibility of development and prosperity for Greek civilization.
Spanish Armada encountered storms
Just like Salamis naval battle to Persia and Greece， the loss of Spanish Armada in 1588 was always regarded as one of the most important wars in the western civilization. In order to get the maritime supremacy， Spain and Britain had a remarkable and spectacular naval battle on the English Channel. In this battle， Spain had strong power with advanced weapons while Britain did not have an army of large scale. Therefore， Spain obviously had absolute advantage over Britain. However， soon after "Armada" set sail， it encountered the attack of an Atlantic storm. Many ships were destroyed. Fresh water leaked from the barrels hastily made. A lot of food rotted. Sailors were extremely tired. Most foot soldiers lost fighting capacity because of seasickness. "Armada" had been weakened before fighting with the British army. When they retreated， the remained Spanish Armada met with a big storm again in the waters of northern Scotland. More ships were destroyed by sea waves or sank by hitting rocks. In October， 1588， "Armada" returned to Spain with only 43 broken ships left. They were almost completely annihilated. But， the British ships had not much loss. Only about a hundred sailors died. The disastrous defeat of Spanish Armada marked that the Spanish maritime began to lose its hegemony from that time. From then on， Spain's strength in the sea began to collapse. Britain began to get the maritime hegemony. A heavy fog helped Washington survive
When George Washington was the U.S. commander in chief in 1997， the U.S. military was composed of volunteer with no arms or uniforms. By contrast， the British were well equipped. On August 22， 1776， in the battle of long island in American Revolutionary War， the American army led by General Washington could have been defeated completely， but a timely fog helped the U.S. army withdraw successfully so that it had the opportunity to counterattack later.
Magical typhoon saved Japan
In the 13th century， Kublai Khan， the ruler of the Mongolia Empire， wanted to conquer Japan. As a result， he was defeated by two wizardly monsoons. According to historical records， in 1274 AD， Kublai Khan sent a fleet of 900 ships to Japan but was resisted by the Japanese samurais. Then because strong typhoon happened suddenly on the sea， the Mongolian ships were all destroyed and they were completely annihilated. In 1281， Kublai Khan again organized a very large scale fleet of 4400 warships to invade Japan. The Mongolian army was attacked by typhoon near the high island once again. The vast majority of ships sank to the bottom of the ocean. Monks of Japanese Shinto always believed that the two typhoons came from the power of prayer. So after that， they called the storms “Kamikaze” which saved Japan twice.
Slave uprising did not happen because of storm
Large-scale slave uprisings rarely happened in American history. On August 30， 1800， in Richmond， Virginia， thousands of local slaves led by Gabriel stood up against their masters and they took up arms to free the slaves in the whole city. However， a violent storm made them unable to gather together to discuss the plans for long. As a result， a slave uprising that may change the history of the United States became a mirage.
Hail speeded up French Revolution
In 18th century， with a serious French economic crisis and heavy national debts， the American colonists declared war on Britain. More unfortunately， a spring drought led to dramatically increased food prices. Then a hail completely smashed the field crops. The farmlands all became ruins. Finally， the hungry people couldn’t bear it any more. They took up arms for maximum resistance. After that， the French revolution came soon.
Napoleon was defeated by freezing winter
On May 9， 1812， Napoleon， who had obtained a series of brilliant victories on the European continent， left Paris and led a mighty army of 600，000 to Russia. The French army by virtue of advanced methods and heavy artillery marched into Moscow in a short time of several months and plundered the city. But they had no idea of the coming of winter. After a few weeks， the freezing cold weather brought Napoleon's army a deadly curse. In the winter of 1812， suffering from cold and hunger， Napoleon's army was forced to retreat from Moscow in -40 degrees. During the journey， 600，000 soldiers starved or froze to death. In the beginning of December， only 15，000 people survived. This failure marked the beginning of the fall of Napoleon’s empire and enabled Russia to set up its status of a European power gradually. Hiroshima became target of atomic bomb due to its weather
On August 6， 1945， it was the clear blue sky over Hiroshima and a nice summer day. At 07：09 a.m.， a meteorological surveillance plane flew over Hiroshima， reporting： "The cloud cover is less than three tenths. It is suggested to drop the first atomic bomb". This meant that Hiroshima’s sunny weather was suitable for dropping the first atomic bomb， which uncovered the tragic scene. More dramatically， later on August 8， the second atomic bomb was loaded in a B-29 bomber. But Kokura， the scheduled target city， was clouded over the sky and not suitable for dropping the atomic bomb. As a result， Nagasaki， the alternative city， unfortunately became the target of the second atomic bomb.
Hitler took the same disastrous road as Napoleon
On September 30， 1941， Germans launched a mass offensive attack codenamed "typhoon" against Moscow in an attempt to occupy it in ten days. Hitler obviously had no knowledge of history as he wanted to repeat napoleon’s story in Moscow. However， the situation was not at all as optimistic as expected. A typhoon swept across the Soviet Union. Moscow's temperature fell to twenty to thirty degrees below zero. In such cold weather， the Germans did not have cotton-padded jackets. Aircrafts and tanks could not start. The optical speculums on the tanks did not function well either. And the Soviet forces were used to the freezing life. In addition， they had cotton-padded clothes， boots， earmuffs and winter hats. Finally， the Soviet army defeated the Germans and won the battle of Moscow. The Germans’ lost in the battle of Moscow which marked Hitler's thorough failure in blitzkrieg.
The “Great Northern War” was influenced by climate
In order to get through the Baltic Sea， Russia and Sweden had a 21-year "Great Northern War". In July of 1709， 42，000 Russian troops began to fight seriously against the Swedish army of 32，000 soldiers in Poltava. When the Swedish King Charles VII led troops to the territory of Russia， many people died in the trudge because of cold winter and awful weather. Eventually they were defeated because of the cold winter. After the war， Russia was officially referred as "the Russian Empire" and became one of the European powers.
海风拯救了西方文明
希腊文明以及接下来整个的西方文明能够延续下来，可以说离不开希波战争中的一场海风。当年，波斯帝国正处于鼎盛时期，完全有能力推翻希腊大陆。然而人算不如天算，在公元前480年的萨拉米斯海战中，尽管波斯舰队在数量上占绝对优势，但是希腊海军将领特米斯托克利斯通过利用他的风力知识，轻而易举地扭转了战争的形势，为希腊文明赢得了发展繁荣的可能性。
西班牙无敌舰队遭遇风暴
如萨拉米斯海战之于波斯和希腊，1588年西班牙无敌舰队的失利一直被认为是西方文明史上最关键的战役之一。为了争夺海上霸权，西班牙和英国于1588年8月在英吉利海峡进行了一场举世瞩目、激烈壮观的大海战。这次海战，西班牙实力强大，武器先进，而当时英国军队规模不大。两军相比，西班牙明显占据绝对优势。但是，在“无敌舰队”起航不久即遇到大西洋风暴的袭击，许多船只被毁坏，淡水从仓促制成的木桶中漏出，食物大量腐烂变质，水手们疲惫不堪，大多数步兵也因为晕船而失去战斗力。“无敌舰队”还没有与英国交战就先折兵，战斗力大大受到削弱。撤退时，剩下的西班牙舰队在苏格兰北部海域再次遇到大风暴，一些舰船又被海浪吞噬或触礁沉没。到1588年10月，“无敌舰队”仅剩43艘残破船只返回西班牙，近乎全军覆没。而英舰没有损失，阵亡海员水手只有百人左右。无敌舰队的惨败标志着西班牙海上霸权从此丧失，从此以后西班牙在海上的实力开始一蹶不振，英国开始走上海上霸主的位置。
一场大雾为华盛顿留下了活口
1776年乔治·华盛顿任美军统帅时，美国军队由志愿兵组成，既没有武器也没有制服。而相比之下，英军却装备齐全。1776年8月22日，在美国独立战争中的长岛战役中，华盛顿将军率领的美军本来可能遭到彻底的挫败，可是一场适时的大雾掩护着美军顺利撤退，致使美军以后有机会反攻。
神奇的台风拯救了日本
公元13世纪，蒙古帝国统治者忽必烈可汗一心想征服日本，结果却因两场神奇的季风而遭到了挫败。据历史记载，公元1274年，蒙古大汗忽必烈曾派出一支900艘战舰组成的舰队东征日本，遭到日本武士的抵抗，后又因海上突然刮起强烈的台风，使蒙古人船毁人亡，全军覆没。1281年，忽必烈又组织了一支4400艘战舰组成的超大规模舰队再次东征日本。蒙古军队在高岛附近又一次遭到台风袭击，绝大多数船只沉入海底。日本神道教僧人一直相信这两场台风来自祈祷的力量，因此之后便把这两次葬元军入鱼腹、救日本于转瞬的暴风称之为“神风”。
奴隶起义被暴风雨泡汤
美国历史上很少发生大规模奴隶起义，1800年8月30日，在弗吉尼亚州里士满，加百利牵头号召当地数千奴隶站起来反抗主人，拿起武器解放全城的奴隶。但是，一场猛烈的暴风雨使得反判者没法长时间聚集在一起商量计划，于是一场可能改变美国历史的奴隶起义就此化为了泡影。
冰雹加速了法国大革命
18世纪的法国，经济危机四伏。这个国家已经因为帮助美洲殖民者与英国作战导致债台高筑而陷于经济危机。更为不幸的是，一场春旱使得食品价格飞涨，而接下来的一场冰雹彻底砸坏了地里的庄稼，使得农田变成一片废墟。饥饿的人民终于忍无可忍，拿起了武器进行最大的反抗，之后，法国大革命很快到来了。
拿破仑败在了寒冬手下
1812年5月9日，在欧洲大陆上取得了一系列辉煌胜利的拿破仑离开了巴黎，率领浩浩荡荡的60万大军远征俄罗斯。法军凭借先进的战法、猛烈的炮火长驱直入，在短短的几个月内直捣莫斯科城，进城后掠夺一空，根本没有想到冬天的到来带来的后果。几周后，寒冷的天气给拿破仑大军带来了致命的诅咒。在饥寒交迫下，1812年冬天，拿破仑大军被迫在零下40度的严寒中从莫斯科撤退，沿途60万士兵被活活冻死和饿死，到12月初，60万拿破仑大军只剩下了1万5千人。这次失败标志着拿破仑帝国灭亡的开始，也使得俄罗斯作为一个欧洲强国的地位逐渐树立起来。
广岛的天气决定了它成为原子弹目标
1945年8月6日，广岛上空晴空万里，这是一个很好的夏天。7点09分，一架气象侦察机飞过广岛上空，发回报告，“云层覆盖小于十分之三，建议最先投放原子弹”。这意味着，广岛的晴朗天气适合投放第一颗原子弹，从而揭开这悲惨的一幕。更为戏剧性的事情随后发生，8月8日，第二颗原子弹载入B-29轰炸机，但是作为原定投放目标的小仓市上空乌云密布，不适合原子弹投放，因此备选的长崎市就不幸成为了第二颗原子弹的目标。
希特勒重蹈拿破仑覆辙
1941年9月30日，德军对莫斯科发动了代号“台风”的大规模攻势，妄图在十天之内攻占它。显然，希特勒没有借鉴历史，一心想取代拿破仑进攻莫斯科。但是，形势远远没有预想的乐观，台风席卷苏联，莫斯科的气温已下降到零下二十至三十度。寒冷之下，德军没有棉衣，飞机和坦克无法发动，坦克上的光学窥镜也失去了作用。而苏军，他们却习惯寒带生活，而且穿上了棉衣、皮靴和护耳冬帽。最后，苏军击溃了进攻莫斯科的德军，取得了莫斯科保卫战的胜利。德军在莫斯科战役中的失败，标志着希特勒闪电战的彻底破产。
“北方战争”受气候影响
为了打通波罗的海出海口，俄国同瑞典进行了长达二十一年的“北方战争”。1709年7月，4.2万俄军同3.2万瑞军在波尔塔瓦展开激战。当时的瑞典国王查尔斯七世带领部队进入俄境内，由于俄国冬天寒冷，气候恶劣，瑞军在长途跋涉中就损失了数人，最终因寒冷的冬天而战败。战后，俄国就正式称“俄罗斯帝国”，成为欧洲列强之一。
In the west， both Napoleon and Hitler were beaten by the cold weather in Russia. In the east， Zhuge Liang， （a statesman and strategist， prime minister of the Kingdom of Shu in the period of the Three Kingdoms） burned Red Cliff by virtue of east wind to win the war eventually and form the tripartite state of Three Kingdoms
From the historical evolution and the development of civilization， we see the influence of climate. Facing the current issues of climate change， what can we learn from the history？
Blame It on the Rain： How the Weather Has Changed History written by Laura Lee， an American woman writer， explores how climate changed the mankind's history for many times， from the real and mysterious floods to the explosion of the first atomic bomb in the clear sky. The following ten events are listed by Laura to show how storms change history：
Sea breezes saved western culture
Ancient Greek culture and the whole western culture after that can’t survive without a sea breeze in Greco-Persian Wars. In those years， the Persian Empire was in a period of great prosperity and had the ability to completely overthrow the Greek mainland. However， unpredictably， in the Salamis naval battle in 480 BC， although the Persian fleet had absolute advantage in quantity， the Greek naval commander Thermistocles made full use of his excellent knowledge of wind to easily reverse the situation and win the possibility of development and prosperity for Greek civilization.
Spanish Armada encountered storms
Just like Salamis naval battle to Persia and Greece， the loss of Spanish Armada in 1588 was always regarded as one of the most important wars in the western civilization. In order to get the maritime supremacy， Spain and Britain had a remarkable and spectacular naval battle on the English Channel. In this battle， Spain had strong power with advanced weapons while Britain did not have an army of large scale. Therefore， Spain obviously had absolute advantage over Britain. However， soon after "Armada" set sail， it encountered the attack of an Atlantic storm. Many ships were destroyed. Fresh water leaked from the barrels hastily made. A lot of food rotted. Sailors were extremely tired. Most foot soldiers lost fighting capacity because of seasickness. "Armada" had been weakened before fighting with the British army. When they retreated， the remained Spanish Armada met with a big storm again in the waters of northern Scotland. More ships were destroyed by sea waves or sank by hitting rocks. In October， 1588， "Armada" returned to Spain with only 43 broken ships left. They were almost completely annihilated. But， the British ships had not much loss. Only about a hundred sailors died. The disastrous defeat of Spanish Armada marked that the Spanish maritime began to lose its hegemony from that time. From then on， Spain's strength in the sea began to collapse. Britain began to get the maritime hegemony. A heavy fog helped Washington survive
When George Washington was the U.S. commander in chief in 1997， the U.S. military was composed of volunteer with no arms or uniforms. By contrast， the British were well equipped. On August 22， 1776， in the battle of long island in American Revolutionary War， the American army led by General Washington could have been defeated completely， but a timely fog helped the U.S. army withdraw successfully so that it had the opportunity to counterattack later.
Magical typhoon saved Japan
In the 13th century， Kublai Khan， the ruler of the Mongolia Empire， wanted to conquer Japan. As a result， he was defeated by two wizardly monsoons. According to historical records， in 1274 AD， Kublai Khan sent a fleet of 900 ships to Japan but was resisted by the Japanese samurais. Then because strong typhoon happened suddenly on the sea， the Mongolian ships were all destroyed and they were completely annihilated. In 1281， Kublai Khan again organized a very large scale fleet of 4400 warships to invade Japan. The Mongolian army was attacked by typhoon near the high island once again. The vast majority of ships sank to the bottom of the ocean. Monks of Japanese Shinto always believed that the two typhoons came from the power of prayer. So after that， they called the storms “Kamikaze” which saved Japan twice.
Slave uprising did not happen because of storm
Large-scale slave uprisings rarely happened in American history. On August 30， 1800， in Richmond， Virginia， thousands of local slaves led by Gabriel stood up against their masters and they took up arms to free the slaves in the whole city. However， a violent storm made them unable to gather together to discuss the plans for long. As a result， a slave uprising that may change the history of the United States became a mirage.
Hail speeded up French Revolution
In 18th century， with a serious French economic crisis and heavy national debts， the American colonists declared war on Britain. More unfortunately， a spring drought led to dramatically increased food prices. Then a hail completely smashed the field crops. The farmlands all became ruins. Finally， the hungry people couldn’t bear it any more. They took up arms for maximum resistance. After that， the French revolution came soon.
Napoleon was defeated by freezing winter
On May 9， 1812， Napoleon， who had obtained a series of brilliant victories on the European continent， left Paris and led a mighty army of 600，000 to Russia. The French army by virtue of advanced methods and heavy artillery marched into Moscow in a short time of several months and plundered the city. But they had no idea of the coming of winter. After a few weeks， the freezing cold weather brought Napoleon's army a deadly curse. In the winter of 1812， suffering from cold and hunger， Napoleon's army was forced to retreat from Moscow in -40 degrees. During the journey， 600，000 soldiers starved or froze to death. In the beginning of December， only 15，000 people survived. This failure marked the beginning of the fall of Napoleon’s empire and enabled Russia to set up its status of a European power gradually. Hiroshima became target of atomic bomb due to its weather
On August 6， 1945， it was the clear blue sky over Hiroshima and a nice summer day. At 07：09 a.m.， a meteorological surveillance plane flew over Hiroshima， reporting： "The cloud cover is less than three tenths. It is suggested to drop the first atomic bomb". This meant that Hiroshima’s sunny weather was suitable for dropping the first atomic bomb， which uncovered the tragic scene. More dramatically， later on August 8， the second atomic bomb was loaded in a B-29 bomber. But Kokura， the scheduled target city， was clouded over the sky and not suitable for dropping the atomic bomb. As a result， Nagasaki， the alternative city， unfortunately became the target of the second atomic bomb.
Hitler took the same disastrous road as Napoleon
On September 30， 1941， Germans launched a mass offensive attack codenamed "typhoon" against Moscow in an attempt to occupy it in ten days. Hitler obviously had no knowledge of history as he wanted to repeat napoleon’s story in Moscow. However， the situation was not at all as optimistic as expected. A typhoon swept across the Soviet Union. Moscow's temperature fell to twenty to thirty degrees below zero. In such cold weather， the Germans did not have cotton-padded jackets. Aircrafts and tanks could not start. The optical speculums on the tanks did not function well either. And the Soviet forces were used to the freezing life. In addition， they had cotton-padded clothes， boots， earmuffs and winter hats. Finally， the Soviet army defeated the Germans and won the battle of Moscow. The Germans’ lost in the battle of Moscow which marked Hitler's thorough failure in blitzkrieg.
The “Great Northern War” was influenced by climate
In order to get through the Baltic Sea， Russia and Sweden had a 21-year "Great Northern War". In July of 1709， 42，000 Russian troops began to fight seriously against the Swedish army of 32，000 soldiers in Poltava. When the Swedish King Charles VII led troops to the territory of Russia， many people died in the trudge because of cold winter and awful weather. Eventually they were defeated because of the cold winter. After the war， Russia was officially referred as "the Russian Empire" and became one of the European powers.