物资(包括原材料、机器设备)的磨损、损耗,分为有形磨损、损耗和无形磨损、损耗(过去曾译“精神磨损”)。这里只讨论有形磨损、损耗这一个问题。由于风吹、日晒、雨淋、升温、冷冻、潮解、干燥、冻融等作用,亦即由于时间、空间、温度、湿度、风力、地心引力、大气压力、雷电、静电、空气化学成分、化学反应、生物等方面因素的作用,处于自然条件下的物资,分别有着老化、硬化、软化、风化、氧化、蜕变、衰减、腐朽、霉烂、变质、变形、破裂、龟裂、粘连、压实、自燃、虫蛀、啮咬、附生、挥发、蒸腾、飞 The wear and tear of materials (including raw materials, machinery and equipment) are divided into tangible wear, loss and intangible wear and tear (it used to be translated as “mental wear”). Only one issue of physical wear and tear is discussed here. Due to wind, sun, rain, warming, freezing, deliquescence, drying, freezing and thawing, ie due to time, space, temperature, humidity, wind force, gravity, atmospheric pressure, lightning, static electricity, air chemistry , chemical reactions, biological and other aspects of the role of materials, materials under natural conditions, respectively, aging, hardening, softening, weathering, oxidation, transmutation, decay, decay, mildew, deterioration, deformation, cracking, cracking, adhesion, pressure Actual, spontaneous combustion, insects, biting, epiphytes, volatilization, transpiration, fly