由于对物质资源进行保护的必要性,以及迄今为止所获得的、只需以经济的方式控制/改变表面便可缓解某些破坏机理的知识,促使人们在表面科学技术领域内进行了大量的研究开发工作.这方面的成就,完全要取决于是否有可用的手段对表面性能作出鉴定.如果没有这样的手段,包括各种设备、装置、仪器和工具,那么,即使机件经过热处理、机加工、化学和电化学处理后使其表面具有了特殊性能,仍不能保证达到所要求的质量和可靠的性能.为了使机件具有所要求的表面抗摩和耐磨性、耐蚀性、抗疲劳性、抗应力和锈蚀造成破裂的性能等,其表面的性能起着十分重要的作用.为了对表面的性能作出鉴定,可以运用各种不同的无损测试技术.例如,为了测定表面的残余应力,可以运用X射线衍射、超声、巴克豪森噪声、中子衍射等方法. Because of the need to protect material resources and what has so far been gained, knowledge of some damage mechanisms can be mitigated by economic control / alteration of the surface, prompting considerable research in the area of ​​surface science and technology Development work, the achievement in this respect depends entirely on the availability of means to identify the surface properties.If there is no such means, including a variety of equipment, devices, instruments and tools, then, even if the parts are heat-treated, machined , Chemical and electrochemical treatment of its surface has a special performance, still can not guarantee to achieve the required quality and reliable performance. In order to make the machine has the required surface anti-friction and wear resistance, corrosion resistance, fatigue For example, in order to determine the residual stress on the surface, the surface properties of the surface can be determined by using various non-destructive testing techniques to determine the surface properties, You can use X-ray diffraction, ultrasound, Barkhausen noise, neutron diffraction and other methods.