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一般认为,关系代词只能指代主句中主浯、宾语等名词性成份,它在从句中也只能作主、宾等名词性句法成份;指代主句中状语成分、在从句中作状语成分也只能是where,when,why等关系副词和“介词+关系代词”结构形式;that是不能作关系副词的。然而,这是不全面的。事实上,关系代词with引导非限制性定语从句时,可以指整个句子,也可以是句子的一部分,如表语、谓语等。that还可做关系副词,在句子中作状语。这在有的语法书中也曾提到,但易为人忽略。请看以下例证。
It is generally believed that relational pronouns can only refer to the main components and objects in the main clauses. It can only be used as a noun-syntactic ingredient in the clauses; it can be used as the adverbial component in the main clauses and in the clauses. The adverbial component can only be the relational adverbs such as where, when, and why, and the prepositional relational pronoun structure; that is, it cannot be a relational adverb. However, this is not comprehensive. In fact, relative pronouns can guide the non-restrictive attributive clause and can refer to the entire sentence or part of the sentence, such as a predicate or predicate. That can also be a relational adverb and an adverbial in a sentence. This is also mentioned in some grammar books, but it is easy for people to ignore. Please see the following illustration.