经济体制改革的目标之一就是力求获得更高的效益和效率。另一方面,随着经济日益商品化,市场竞争日趋激烈,必然会在居民中间产生某种分化:有的人先富起来,有的人勉强得以温饱,于是寻求公平的呼声又日渐高涨。效率与公平仿佛是一对孪生子,有此必有彼。实践证明,在个人收入分配中,没有效率就没有社会经济的迅速发展;但如果不考虑公平,就难以激发全体劳动者的积极性,严重时还会导致社会的不稳定,这样也难以保证持久的效率。因此,如何正确处理效率与公平的关系是我国收入分配制度改革中必须面对的重要课题。 一、公平与效率关系的一般思考 1、公平的内涵及其时代性特征 “公平”是一个古老的范畴,它的基本含义是不偏不倚,一视同仁。具体地说,公平有两种内涵:其一,作为实质范 One of the goals of the economic reform is to strive for greater efficiency and efficiency. On the other hand, as the economy is increasingly commercialized and the market is increasingly fiercely competitive, there will inevitably be some kind of differentiation among the residents: some people get rich first and others barely get enough food and clothing, so the voice for seeking fairness is rising day by day. Efficiency and fairness seem to be twins, and there must be one. Practice shows that in the distribution of personal income, there is no inefficiency in social and economic development. However, unless we consider fairness, it is difficult to stimulate the enthusiasm of all workers. In severe cases, social instability will also be caused. This will also make it difficult to guarantee a lasting effectiveness. Therefore, how to correctly handle the relationship between efficiency and fairness is an important issue that must be faced in the reform of the income distribution system in our country. I. General Considerations on the Relationship between Equity and Efficiency 1. The Connotation of Fairness and Its Historical Characteristics “Fairness” is an ancient category whose basic meaning is impartiality and equal treatment. Specifically, there are two connotations of fairness: First, as a model