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提取肿瘤细胞的表面抗原及各种抗原间结构的比较将成为今后研究的热点。理想的肿瘤疫苗很可能包括多个肿瘤特异性抗原和/或多个肿瘤非特异性抗原。对肿瘤抗原的研究不仅对免疫应答的机制和肿瘤免疫逃避机制具有重要的理论意义,而且对肿瘤的发病学、诊断、治疗及疫苗的制备也具有重要的应用意义。寻找肿瘤抗原的方法可分为3类:(1)基因工程制备抗原。经典的技术有基因工程与抗体技术和基因工程与T细胞克隆技术两种。(2)天然抗原的提取与纯化。根据MHC-Ⅰ类分子-肽复合物表达于肿瘤细胞表面这一现象,膜结合蛋白的纯化就显得尤为重要。(3)合成肽抗原的制备。另外,各种肿瘤疫苗均有一定效果,但其抗原性仍不理想。理想的肿瘤疫苗应有多向作用靶点。
Extraction of tumor cell surface antigen and the comparison of the structure of various antigens will become the hot spot in the future. An ideal tumor vaccine is likely to include multiple tumor-specific antigens and / or multiple tumor non-specific antigens. The study of tumor antigens not only has important theoretical significance on the mechanism of immune response and tumor immune evasion mechanism, but also has important significance for tumor pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and vaccine preparation. Methods to find tumor antigens can be divided into three categories: (1) genetically engineered antigen. Classical techniques include genetic engineering and antibody technology and genetic engineering and T cell cloning techniques. (2) extraction and purification of natural antigens. According to the phenomenon that the MHC-I molecule-peptide complex is expressed on the surface of tumor cells, the purification of membrane-bound protein becomes more and more important. (3) Preparation of synthetic peptide antigen. In addition, a variety of tumor vaccines have some effect, but its antigenicity is still not ideal. The ideal tumor vaccine should have multiple targets.