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摘要: 定语从句是高考英语语法考点的重要部分。 同名词性从句和状语从句一起构成高中英语三大从句。定语从句广泛地存在于听力,阅读理解,完形填空,语法填空和短文改错里。定语从句往往会让句子变得复杂,增加学生们对句子理解的难度。掌握定语从句,可以帮助学生更准确地理解文段意思。把定语从句运用到写作里能给写作润色,提高写作的层次。所以,分析归类定语从句的考法,掌握定语从句的正确使用十分必要。
关键词: 高考英语语法考点 定语从句四考法
中图分类号:G4 文献标识码:A
定语从句概念:用来修饰某个名词或代词的从句,叫定语从句。引导定语从句的有:关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as; 关系副词when, where, how(很少用), why 等。关系代词或关系副词有双重作用:一方面起连词作用,另一方面它在从句中起一定的句法作用(关系代词可作主语,宾语和表语;关系副词作状语)。被定语从句修饰的那个名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词称为关系词。定语从句分为:限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。
一、定语从句考法一 -----------引导方式
1、定语从句引导方式有三种:
1)关系代词( that which who whom as whose )
(1)that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
(2)which用于指物,在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.
(3)who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。例如: The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.
(4)as 用于指物或人,在句中用作主语,宾语或表语,且先行词前一般有 as, so, such, the same 等限定语。例如:She is so nice a girl as we all like。定语从句修饰说明的是整个主句的内容时,as 引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前、之中或之后,翻译为正如。例如:As we know, air is a gas.=Air, as we know, is a gas.=Air is a gas, as we know。
(5)whose 用于指人和物,在从句中做定语,意思为谁的。例如:A person whose email account is full won't be able to send or receive any emails。Whose+名词=the +名词+of whom(指人)/which(指物)
注意:关系代词that which 都可以指物,有时可以互换。但下列情况只能用that:
(1)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时。
(2)被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词指物时。
(3)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时。
(4)先行词里同时含有人或物时。
(5)以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that。
(6)主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,不用which。
关系词用which, 不用that 的情况:
(1)先行词为that, those指物时。
(2)关系代词前有介词时不用that(但也可能出现接whom, whose等)。
(3)引导非限制性定语从句,先行词指事物时。
2)关系副词(when where why)
(1)先行词是表示时间的名词,从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,引导词常用关系副词 when,when 在从句中充当时间状语。例如:I still remember the day when I first came to this school。
(2)先行词是表示地点的名词时,从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,引导词常用关系副词 where, where 在从句中充当地点状语。例如:Jane paused in front of a counter when some attractive ties were on display。當先行词表示抽象地点,且从句不缺主宾表语如:situation/point/case/occasion,也要用where.
(3)关系副词 why 引导定语从句时,修饰表示原因的名词。只能在定语从句中作原因状语。例如:The reason why he didn't pass the driving test was that he lacked practice。
3)介词+关系代词(介词+whom/which/whose)
在这种结构中,关系代词指人时只能用 whom,指物时只能用 which,作定语时用 whose(特殊情况如from where, by when等暂不处理);介词的选择主要是根据与从句中相关的动词、形容词、名词的固定搭配而定;或者根据先行词与从句中动词的关系而定;或者以先行词在定语从句中的作用而定。 (1)介词+关系代词(介词由先行词的搭配或从句结构决定)
This is the gold medal of which I feel proud.
Do you know the man to whom I spoke just now?
(2)the+名词+of+关系代词
该结构表示所有关系,口语中常用“whose+名词”代替,非正式文体中可以用“of which the+名词”。如:The man pulled out a gold watch, the hands of which were made of small diamonds.=The man pulled out a gold watch, whose hands were made of small diamonds.
(3)表示整体或部分的词语+of+关系代词(of 表范围)
表示整体或部分的词语常见的有:不定代词 all, both, none, neither, either, some, any 和数词(含基数词、序数词、分数和百分数);数词+名词;the+最高级/比较级,以及表示数目或数量的词语 many, most, few, several, enough, half, a quarter 等。
Last week, only two people came to look at the house, neither of whom wanted to buy it.
二、定语从句考法二 ------------主谓一致
1、因为关系代词本身没有单复数之分,当关系代词在从句中作主语且时态为现在某个时态时,从句谓语动词必须和先行词的单复数保持一致。因为从句的动词形式是由主句的先行词决定,学生往往会忽略,动词第三人称单数就成为一个考点。
The little boy who is singing there can recite quite a number of poems.
The author (whom) you criticized has written a letter in reply.
(2015·湖南卷)It is a truly delightful place, which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.
2、其次在“one of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句结构中,从句中的动词用复数形式;但是其前有 the only 或 the very 修饰时,则从句中的动词用单数形式。
Mary is the only one of the students in our school who has ever been to China.
三、定语从句考法三 ------------省略
1、关系代词that/ which/ whom在定语从句中作宾语时,关系代词可省略。
There is no one else(that/whom) she can turn to, is there?
2、关系代词在定语从句中作主语且从句中含有be 动词,可以把从句里面的主语和be 动词一同省略,构成非谓语结构。省略后从句结构不再完整,加大了学生理解从句的难度,故而形成考点。
The problem discussed(=which was discussed) at the meeting yesterday is very important.
The problem being discussed(=which is being discussed) at the meeting now is very important.
3 關系代词在定语从句中作主语且和从句中谓语是主动关系,可以把从句里面的主语省略,从句的谓语动词改为现在分词,构成非谓语结构。
Mary, coming from the U.S, is an exchange student.=Mary, who comes from the U.S, is an exchange student.
针对此类题型可利用先补全,再省略的方式找到正确答案。
四、定语从句考发四 -----------成分多余
当关系代词在从句中作宾语发生省略,此时从句结构看似不完整而再添加一个宾语。此时从句的中文翻译看似十分完整,而容易被学生误认为是正确的,故可能成为考点。
The book I bought it last week is interesting. 上周我买的这本书很有趣。这个句出现了省略,将作宾语的关系代词which/that省略了。原句为:The book (that/which) I bought last week is interesting. 省略从句宾语后这句话读起来好像没有宾语: The book I bought last week is interesting. 出题人加上it后,The book (that/which) I bought it last week is interesting.看似完整的句子其实出现了两个宾语——宾语成份多了一个。针对这类题型,需先补全关系词,再做判断宾语是否多了。
如能熟练掌握定语从句的这四个考察方向,并针对性地勤加练习。在考试中一旦遇到定语从句就从这几个方面入手。定语从句将不再是难点。
参考文献
讲与练大一轮总复习2019版
全品高考复习方案
关键词: 高考英语语法考点 定语从句四考法
中图分类号:G4 文献标识码:A
定语从句概念:用来修饰某个名词或代词的从句,叫定语从句。引导定语从句的有:关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as; 关系副词when, where, how(很少用), why 等。关系代词或关系副词有双重作用:一方面起连词作用,另一方面它在从句中起一定的句法作用(关系代词可作主语,宾语和表语;关系副词作状语)。被定语从句修饰的那个名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词称为关系词。定语从句分为:限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。
一、定语从句考法一 -----------引导方式
1、定语从句引导方式有三种:
1)关系代词( that which who whom as whose )
(1)that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
(2)which用于指物,在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.
(3)who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。例如: The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.
(4)as 用于指物或人,在句中用作主语,宾语或表语,且先行词前一般有 as, so, such, the same 等限定语。例如:She is so nice a girl as we all like。定语从句修饰说明的是整个主句的内容时,as 引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前、之中或之后,翻译为正如。例如:As we know, air is a gas.=Air, as we know, is a gas.=Air is a gas, as we know。
(5)whose 用于指人和物,在从句中做定语,意思为谁的。例如:A person whose email account is full won't be able to send or receive any emails。Whose+名词=the +名词+of whom(指人)/which(指物)
注意:关系代词that which 都可以指物,有时可以互换。但下列情况只能用that:
(1)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时。
(2)被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词指物时。
(3)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时。
(4)先行词里同时含有人或物时。
(5)以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that。
(6)主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,不用which。
关系词用which, 不用that 的情况:
(1)先行词为that, those指物时。
(2)关系代词前有介词时不用that(但也可能出现接whom, whose等)。
(3)引导非限制性定语从句,先行词指事物时。
2)关系副词(when where why)
(1)先行词是表示时间的名词,从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,引导词常用关系副词 when,when 在从句中充当时间状语。例如:I still remember the day when I first came to this school。
(2)先行词是表示地点的名词时,从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语,引导词常用关系副词 where, where 在从句中充当地点状语。例如:Jane paused in front of a counter when some attractive ties were on display。當先行词表示抽象地点,且从句不缺主宾表语如:situation/point/case/occasion,也要用where.
(3)关系副词 why 引导定语从句时,修饰表示原因的名词。只能在定语从句中作原因状语。例如:The reason why he didn't pass the driving test was that he lacked practice。
3)介词+关系代词(介词+whom/which/whose)
在这种结构中,关系代词指人时只能用 whom,指物时只能用 which,作定语时用 whose(特殊情况如from where, by when等暂不处理);介词的选择主要是根据与从句中相关的动词、形容词、名词的固定搭配而定;或者根据先行词与从句中动词的关系而定;或者以先行词在定语从句中的作用而定。 (1)介词+关系代词(介词由先行词的搭配或从句结构决定)
This is the gold medal of which I feel proud.
Do you know the man to whom I spoke just now?
(2)the+名词+of+关系代词
该结构表示所有关系,口语中常用“whose+名词”代替,非正式文体中可以用“of which the+名词”。如:The man pulled out a gold watch, the hands of which were made of small diamonds.=The man pulled out a gold watch, whose hands were made of small diamonds.
(3)表示整体或部分的词语+of+关系代词(of 表范围)
表示整体或部分的词语常见的有:不定代词 all, both, none, neither, either, some, any 和数词(含基数词、序数词、分数和百分数);数词+名词;the+最高级/比较级,以及表示数目或数量的词语 many, most, few, several, enough, half, a quarter 等。
Last week, only two people came to look at the house, neither of whom wanted to buy it.
二、定语从句考法二 ------------主谓一致
1、因为关系代词本身没有单复数之分,当关系代词在从句中作主语且时态为现在某个时态时,从句谓语动词必须和先行词的单复数保持一致。因为从句的动词形式是由主句的先行词决定,学生往往会忽略,动词第三人称单数就成为一个考点。
The little boy who is singing there can recite quite a number of poems.
The author (whom) you criticized has written a letter in reply.
(2015·湖南卷)It is a truly delightful place, which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.
2、其次在“one of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句结构中,从句中的动词用复数形式;但是其前有 the only 或 the very 修饰时,则从句中的动词用单数形式。
Mary is the only one of the students in our school who has ever been to China.
三、定语从句考法三 ------------省略
1、关系代词that/ which/ whom在定语从句中作宾语时,关系代词可省略。
There is no one else(that/whom) she can turn to, is there?
2、关系代词在定语从句中作主语且从句中含有be 动词,可以把从句里面的主语和be 动词一同省略,构成非谓语结构。省略后从句结构不再完整,加大了学生理解从句的难度,故而形成考点。
The problem discussed(=which was discussed) at the meeting yesterday is very important.
The problem being discussed(=which is being discussed) at the meeting now is very important.
3 關系代词在定语从句中作主语且和从句中谓语是主动关系,可以把从句里面的主语省略,从句的谓语动词改为现在分词,构成非谓语结构。
Mary, coming from the U.S, is an exchange student.=Mary, who comes from the U.S, is an exchange student.
针对此类题型可利用先补全,再省略的方式找到正确答案。
四、定语从句考发四 -----------成分多余
当关系代词在从句中作宾语发生省略,此时从句结构看似不完整而再添加一个宾语。此时从句的中文翻译看似十分完整,而容易被学生误认为是正确的,故可能成为考点。
The book I bought it last week is interesting. 上周我买的这本书很有趣。这个句出现了省略,将作宾语的关系代词which/that省略了。原句为:The book (that/which) I bought last week is interesting. 省略从句宾语后这句话读起来好像没有宾语: The book I bought last week is interesting. 出题人加上it后,The book (that/which) I bought it last week is interesting.看似完整的句子其实出现了两个宾语——宾语成份多了一个。针对这类题型,需先补全关系词,再做判断宾语是否多了。
如能熟练掌握定语从句的这四个考察方向,并针对性地勤加练习。在考试中一旦遇到定语从句就从这几个方面入手。定语从句将不再是难点。
参考文献
讲与练大一轮总复习2019版
全品高考复习方案