一、象牙塔ivory tower这个典故源于《圣经》(the Bible)。以色列王所罗门赞美心爱的人,说她的颈项如象牙塔,眼目象水池。十九世纪法国文艺批评家圣佩韦(1840-1969)最早用了这个比喻,他批评同时代的作家维尼(1797-1863)的悲观失望、孤芳自赏的创作倾向,他写道:“……而更为神秘的维尼午前就返回他的象牙塔。”此语在法国文坛广泛流传,象牙塔被认为是与世隔绝的梦幻境地,逃避现实的世外桃源,并进入许多种语言,包括汉语。 The ivory tower of the ivory tower is derived from the Bible. Solomon, king of Israel, praised his beloved and said that her neck was like an ivory tower and her eyes were like pools. In the early 19th century, the French literary critic San Peeve (1840-1969) used this metaphor. He criticized the pessimistic disappointment and self-respecting tendency of contemporary Pooh (1797-1863). He wrote: “... The more mysterious Pooh returned to his ivory tower by the end of the afternoon.” This phrase is widely spread in French literary circles. The ivory tower is considered as an isolated world of dreams, escaping from the real world, and entering many languages, including Chinese.