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The First Session of the 12th National People’s Congress （NPC）， China’s top legislature， ended in Beijing on March 17 after a successful leadership transition.
Xi Jinping， General Secretary of the Communist Party of China （CPC） Central Committee and Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission， was elected president and chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People’s Republic of China at this NPC session. Zhang Dejiang was elected chairman of the NPC Standing Committee and Li Keqiang， premier of the State Council， China’s cabinet.
Meanwhile， the 12th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference （CPPCC） held its first plenary session on March 3-12. Members of the national advisory body elected Yu Zhengsheng as its chairman.
Analysts believe that the power transition promises forceful leadership， as well as organizational and personnel guarantees， for China’s development over the next five years.
“The new leadership is a group that is well-educated and has experienced the entire process of reform and opening up，” said Xie Chuntao， a professor at the Party School of the CPC Central Committee. “It will further push forward the implementation of major policies and principles proposed during the 18th CPC National Congress， which was held last November and established the new CPC leadership.”
The 18th CPC National Congress said that at this stage， the CPC’s task should be ensuring the construction of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020， placing high importance on the next five years.
A pragmatic generation
Xie observed that the new generation of leaders have shown “capacity in controlling overall situations and tackling complicated emergencies，”and “are well prepared for challenges and ready to seize opportunities.”
All of them boast rich governing experience， having climbed the Party cadre echelon step by step.
Born in the 1940s and 1950s， the new lead- ers generally hold a realistic attitude of the world and China’s development.
“They grew up in a totally different historic and social environment from their predecessors， which will， to a great extent， lead to a different conceptual approach to administration，” said Dai Yanjun， another professor at the Party School of the CPC Central Committee.
Unlike the founding fathers of the People’s Republic of China and previous generations of leading officials who grew up during wartime， the new leaders， mostly born around the founding of the new China， grew up in peacetime. This allowed them to have a relatively complete and systematic education in mainstream socialist ideology， shaping their worldview and orientation of values.
The turbulent “cultural revolution”（1966-76） was a difficult time for them. Xi， Li， Zhang and several other newly appointed officials toiled in the countryside， when millions of teenagers were sent to live and work in rural areas.
“They had the experience of working hard in rural areas，” Dai said. “They witnessed the ups and downs of China’s development and the success of the national renewal. They are firm supporters of reform and opening up.”
It was during their rural work period that Xi and Li received their first official titles. Acting as the Party branch secretaries of their respective production brigades in Shaanxi and Anhui provinces， they had the opportunity to learn administration at the grassroots level.
Zhang spent years working in a small village in northeastern Jilin Province， while Yu worked as a technician at a radio factory in the city of Zhangjiakou in north China’s Hebei Province for several years.
“Such experiences are valuable，” Dai said.“They give them a full understanding of society and the country， so that they will address state issues from the viewpoint of common people and focus more on improving people’s livelihood.”
Xi once said that he received a great deal of guidance from two groups of people： the old generation of revolutionaries and villagers in Shaanxi， his ancestral home where he worked on a farm for seven years.
“Officials should love the people in the way they love their parents， work for their benefit and lead them to prosperity，” Xi has often said.
Before he was promoted in 2007， Xi held leading Party and government posts in both the comparatively underdeveloped inland and rural areas， such as a village in Shaanxi and Zhengding County in northern Hebei Province， as well as the more prosperous coastal Fujian and Zhejiang provinces and the country’s economic hub， Shanghai.
Like Xi， Li also has rich governance experience at local levels. Aside from being secretary of a village CPC branch in east China’s Anhui in the mid-1970s， Li served as secretary of the Communist Youth League of China （CYLC） Committee of Peking University. He was a member of the Secretariat of the CYLC Central Committee and the Party chief of central China’s Henan Province and northeast China’s Liaoning Province. Zhang served as Party secretary for four provincial-level regions from 1995 until late last year. These regions included the provinces of Jilin， Zhejiang and Guangdong as well as Chongqing Municipality.
After assuming the posts of minister of construction and Party chief of Hubei Province， Yu succeeded Xi as Secretary of the CPC Shanghai Municipal Committee in 2007.
“Such experiences have enabled them to understand what the people need most. This ability cannot be learned from books and is also their big advantage，” Dai said.
Another feature of the new leadership is that they have abundant learning experience and sound professional backgrounds.
Many of them studied in the best colleges in China， and some others attended in-service educational programs.
Their academic and educational backgrounds better meet the requirements of contemporary economic and social development， Dai said.
A feature of their academic backgrounds is that many studied humanities and social sciences while others majored in political science， law and management， giving them confidence in pushing forward reform in all respects， said Cheng Li， Director of Research at the John L. Thornton China Center of the Brookings Institution.
Xi studied chemical engineering at Tsinghua University and Li holds a doctorate in economics from Peking University. Both studied law in their respective academic institutions. Zhang also possesses a degree in economics， and Yu is the only one among the top leaders who majored in a technology-related field.
Xie said that the new leaders are not rigid or conservative， and they will guarantee adherence to reform and opening up and the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
“They participated in， witnessed and benefited from reform and opening up， and know what it was like before， so none of them want to turn back，” Xie said.
As witnesses and participants in ongoing globalization， the new leaders also have a broad vision and know how to deal with the international community.
Xi made a successful visit to the United States last February while still serving as China’s vice president. “The vast Pacific Ocean has ample space for China and the United States，” Xi told The Washington Post in a written interview before his tour.
As vice premier， Li visited the three European nations of Spain， Germany and Britain in January 2011. Prior to his visits， he wrote three articles that were published in mainstream newspapers in those countries stating China’s development orientation. The Chinese dream
During the more than 100 days since being elected as top Party leaders at the 18th CPC National Congress last November， the new leadership has impressed many with their closeness to the people and their forceful， pragmatic， efficient， self-disciplined and sober demeanors.
Early in his “inaugural speech” in front of reporters after being elected general secretary of the CPC Central Committee on November 15 last year， Xi spoke about the important role of the people and their desires for a better education， more stable jobs， higher incomes， better medical care， improved housing conditions and a better environment. “Meeting their desires for a happy life is our mission，” Xi said.
Xi vowed to rally and lead the Party and all Chinese people in carrying the “relay baton”passed on to the new leadership by history， as well as in continuing efforts to achieve the great renewal of the Chinese nation.
Fifteen days later， when Xi and the other six members of the Standing Committee of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau visited The Road Toward Renewal exhibition in Beijing， he further explained the ambitious goal of national renewal.
“The Chinese dream is about solving China’s problems，” said Zheng Bijian， former Executive Vice President of the Party School of the CPC Central Committee.
The Chinese can neither afford to dream of consuming 25 barrels of oil per person each year like the Americans， nor can they pursue their dream of development by colonization， he said.
“Fundamentally， the Chinese dream is about using a peaceful， civilized method to realize national development and the modernization of a socialist country，” Zheng said.
“The Chinese dream has its own timetable and will be realized step by step，” said Fan Peng， a research fellow with the Gansu Provincial Academy of Social Sciences.
“Looking toward the future， all Party officials have to keep in mind that to turn blueprints into reality takes a long time and it also demands long and hard efforts，” Xi said at the exhibition.
According to Xi， China will achieve the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020， before the CPC marks its 100th founding anniversary.
By the 100th founding anniversary of the People’s Republic of China in 2049， the goal of building an affluent， strong， democratic， civilized and harmonious modern socialist country will be fulfilled， and the dream of the great renewal of the Chinese nation will be accomplished， Xi said. “Making empty talk is harmful to the nation， whereas doing practical work can help it thrive，”Xi added.
In a little over three months Xi has presided over four meetings of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee respectively on implementing the guidelines of 18th CPC National Congress， trimming bureaucracy， fighting corruption and optimizing Party membership.
The CPC adopted measures for Party members to tighten bonds with the people on December 4， 2012， such as holding more grassroots meetings， traveling light with a small entourage， using fewer motorcades and shortening meetings and speeches.
Xi also led a campaign against pomp and extravagant banquets. Curbing “waste at the tip of the tongue” has become a catchphrase in China amid an intensified fight against wasted food. The “clean-your-plate” drive is gradually evolving into a trend among both officials and the general public.
The new leadership also adopted an unusually tough tone pinpointing the urgency of fighting corruption.
Xi vowed to unswervingly battle against graft， saying that “Power should be restricted by the cage of regulations，” at a CPC disciplinary meeting on January 22.
The Party should swat “tigers” and “flies，”meaning that it should deal with officials’ illegal activities on one hand and on the other tackle more trivial malpractice that nevertheless exerts a great impact on the people， he said.
Xi promised to fight against privilege， and to grant “no exceptions” when it comes to Party discipline and law. “We must not relax the use of penalties if we want to rule Party members strictly，” he said.
Meanwhile， Xi chose south China’s Guangdong Province， which served as the testing ground for reform and opening-up policies more than 30 years ago， as the destination of his first inspection tour outside of Beijing after he assumed the top CPC post， assuring there would be no stop in reform.
In early January， then Vice Premier Li defined reform as “the biggest bonus” for China， and said that the ultimate goal of the reform is to benefit the people.
“Reforms in many respects are pressing. If pursued， they may cause some contradictions， but if not， more contradictions will be inevitable，” said Chi Fulin， President of the China Institute for Reform and Development based in Hainan Province.
Chi said that he hopes the new leadership will speed up reform， and via the reform， release the country’s potential more forcefully.
Xie noted the new leadership had produced impressing new remarks， policies and strategic deployment in its first 100 days.
“The core of these new moves is emancipating the mind， and seeking truth from facts. With the things they’ve done and their easy-going， practical and self-disciplined style， the new leaders have set themselves as role models in pushing forward reform， shunning empty talk，”Xie said.
Xi Jinping， General Secretary of the Communist Party of China （CPC） Central Committee and Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission， was elected president and chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People’s Republic of China at this NPC session. Zhang Dejiang was elected chairman of the NPC Standing Committee and Li Keqiang， premier of the State Council， China’s cabinet.
Meanwhile， the 12th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference （CPPCC） held its first plenary session on March 3-12. Members of the national advisory body elected Yu Zhengsheng as its chairman.
Analysts believe that the power transition promises forceful leadership， as well as organizational and personnel guarantees， for China’s development over the next five years.
“The new leadership is a group that is well-educated and has experienced the entire process of reform and opening up，” said Xie Chuntao， a professor at the Party School of the CPC Central Committee. “It will further push forward the implementation of major policies and principles proposed during the 18th CPC National Congress， which was held last November and established the new CPC leadership.”
The 18th CPC National Congress said that at this stage， the CPC’s task should be ensuring the construction of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020， placing high importance on the next five years.
A pragmatic generation
Xie observed that the new generation of leaders have shown “capacity in controlling overall situations and tackling complicated emergencies，”and “are well prepared for challenges and ready to seize opportunities.”
All of them boast rich governing experience， having climbed the Party cadre echelon step by step.
Born in the 1940s and 1950s， the new lead- ers generally hold a realistic attitude of the world and China’s development.
“They grew up in a totally different historic and social environment from their predecessors， which will， to a great extent， lead to a different conceptual approach to administration，” said Dai Yanjun， another professor at the Party School of the CPC Central Committee.
Unlike the founding fathers of the People’s Republic of China and previous generations of leading officials who grew up during wartime， the new leaders， mostly born around the founding of the new China， grew up in peacetime. This allowed them to have a relatively complete and systematic education in mainstream socialist ideology， shaping their worldview and orientation of values.
The turbulent “cultural revolution”（1966-76） was a difficult time for them. Xi， Li， Zhang and several other newly appointed officials toiled in the countryside， when millions of teenagers were sent to live and work in rural areas.
“They had the experience of working hard in rural areas，” Dai said. “They witnessed the ups and downs of China’s development and the success of the national renewal. They are firm supporters of reform and opening up.”
It was during their rural work period that Xi and Li received their first official titles. Acting as the Party branch secretaries of their respective production brigades in Shaanxi and Anhui provinces， they had the opportunity to learn administration at the grassroots level.
Zhang spent years working in a small village in northeastern Jilin Province， while Yu worked as a technician at a radio factory in the city of Zhangjiakou in north China’s Hebei Province for several years.
“Such experiences are valuable，” Dai said.“They give them a full understanding of society and the country， so that they will address state issues from the viewpoint of common people and focus more on improving people’s livelihood.”
Xi once said that he received a great deal of guidance from two groups of people： the old generation of revolutionaries and villagers in Shaanxi， his ancestral home where he worked on a farm for seven years.
“Officials should love the people in the way they love their parents， work for their benefit and lead them to prosperity，” Xi has often said.
Before he was promoted in 2007， Xi held leading Party and government posts in both the comparatively underdeveloped inland and rural areas， such as a village in Shaanxi and Zhengding County in northern Hebei Province， as well as the more prosperous coastal Fujian and Zhejiang provinces and the country’s economic hub， Shanghai.
Like Xi， Li also has rich governance experience at local levels. Aside from being secretary of a village CPC branch in east China’s Anhui in the mid-1970s， Li served as secretary of the Communist Youth League of China （CYLC） Committee of Peking University. He was a member of the Secretariat of the CYLC Central Committee and the Party chief of central China’s Henan Province and northeast China’s Liaoning Province. Zhang served as Party secretary for four provincial-level regions from 1995 until late last year. These regions included the provinces of Jilin， Zhejiang and Guangdong as well as Chongqing Municipality.
After assuming the posts of minister of construction and Party chief of Hubei Province， Yu succeeded Xi as Secretary of the CPC Shanghai Municipal Committee in 2007.
“Such experiences have enabled them to understand what the people need most. This ability cannot be learned from books and is also their big advantage，” Dai said.
Another feature of the new leadership is that they have abundant learning experience and sound professional backgrounds.
Many of them studied in the best colleges in China， and some others attended in-service educational programs.
Their academic and educational backgrounds better meet the requirements of contemporary economic and social development， Dai said.
A feature of their academic backgrounds is that many studied humanities and social sciences while others majored in political science， law and management， giving them confidence in pushing forward reform in all respects， said Cheng Li， Director of Research at the John L. Thornton China Center of the Brookings Institution.
Xi studied chemical engineering at Tsinghua University and Li holds a doctorate in economics from Peking University. Both studied law in their respective academic institutions. Zhang also possesses a degree in economics， and Yu is the only one among the top leaders who majored in a technology-related field.
Xie said that the new leaders are not rigid or conservative， and they will guarantee adherence to reform and opening up and the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
“They participated in， witnessed and benefited from reform and opening up， and know what it was like before， so none of them want to turn back，” Xie said.
As witnesses and participants in ongoing globalization， the new leaders also have a broad vision and know how to deal with the international community.
Xi made a successful visit to the United States last February while still serving as China’s vice president. “The vast Pacific Ocean has ample space for China and the United States，” Xi told The Washington Post in a written interview before his tour.
As vice premier， Li visited the three European nations of Spain， Germany and Britain in January 2011. Prior to his visits， he wrote three articles that were published in mainstream newspapers in those countries stating China’s development orientation. The Chinese dream
During the more than 100 days since being elected as top Party leaders at the 18th CPC National Congress last November， the new leadership has impressed many with their closeness to the people and their forceful， pragmatic， efficient， self-disciplined and sober demeanors.
Early in his “inaugural speech” in front of reporters after being elected general secretary of the CPC Central Committee on November 15 last year， Xi spoke about the important role of the people and their desires for a better education， more stable jobs， higher incomes， better medical care， improved housing conditions and a better environment. “Meeting their desires for a happy life is our mission，” Xi said.
Xi vowed to rally and lead the Party and all Chinese people in carrying the “relay baton”passed on to the new leadership by history， as well as in continuing efforts to achieve the great renewal of the Chinese nation.
Fifteen days later， when Xi and the other six members of the Standing Committee of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau visited The Road Toward Renewal exhibition in Beijing， he further explained the ambitious goal of national renewal.
“The Chinese dream is about solving China’s problems，” said Zheng Bijian， former Executive Vice President of the Party School of the CPC Central Committee.
The Chinese can neither afford to dream of consuming 25 barrels of oil per person each year like the Americans， nor can they pursue their dream of development by colonization， he said.
“Fundamentally， the Chinese dream is about using a peaceful， civilized method to realize national development and the modernization of a socialist country，” Zheng said.
“The Chinese dream has its own timetable and will be realized step by step，” said Fan Peng， a research fellow with the Gansu Provincial Academy of Social Sciences.
“Looking toward the future， all Party officials have to keep in mind that to turn blueprints into reality takes a long time and it also demands long and hard efforts，” Xi said at the exhibition.
According to Xi， China will achieve the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020， before the CPC marks its 100th founding anniversary.
By the 100th founding anniversary of the People’s Republic of China in 2049， the goal of building an affluent， strong， democratic， civilized and harmonious modern socialist country will be fulfilled， and the dream of the great renewal of the Chinese nation will be accomplished， Xi said. “Making empty talk is harmful to the nation， whereas doing practical work can help it thrive，”Xi added.
In a little over three months Xi has presided over four meetings of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee respectively on implementing the guidelines of 18th CPC National Congress， trimming bureaucracy， fighting corruption and optimizing Party membership.
The CPC adopted measures for Party members to tighten bonds with the people on December 4， 2012， such as holding more grassroots meetings， traveling light with a small entourage， using fewer motorcades and shortening meetings and speeches.
Xi also led a campaign against pomp and extravagant banquets. Curbing “waste at the tip of the tongue” has become a catchphrase in China amid an intensified fight against wasted food. The “clean-your-plate” drive is gradually evolving into a trend among both officials and the general public.
The new leadership also adopted an unusually tough tone pinpointing the urgency of fighting corruption.
Xi vowed to unswervingly battle against graft， saying that “Power should be restricted by the cage of regulations，” at a CPC disciplinary meeting on January 22.
The Party should swat “tigers” and “flies，”meaning that it should deal with officials’ illegal activities on one hand and on the other tackle more trivial malpractice that nevertheless exerts a great impact on the people， he said.
Xi promised to fight against privilege， and to grant “no exceptions” when it comes to Party discipline and law. “We must not relax the use of penalties if we want to rule Party members strictly，” he said.
Meanwhile， Xi chose south China’s Guangdong Province， which served as the testing ground for reform and opening-up policies more than 30 years ago， as the destination of his first inspection tour outside of Beijing after he assumed the top CPC post， assuring there would be no stop in reform.
In early January， then Vice Premier Li defined reform as “the biggest bonus” for China， and said that the ultimate goal of the reform is to benefit the people.
“Reforms in many respects are pressing. If pursued， they may cause some contradictions， but if not， more contradictions will be inevitable，” said Chi Fulin， President of the China Institute for Reform and Development based in Hainan Province.
Chi said that he hopes the new leadership will speed up reform， and via the reform， release the country’s potential more forcefully.
Xie noted the new leadership had produced impressing new remarks， policies and strategic deployment in its first 100 days.
“The core of these new moves is emancipating the mind， and seeking truth from facts. With the things they’ve done and their easy-going， practical and self-disciplined style， the new leaders have set themselves as role models in pushing forward reform， shunning empty talk，”Xie said.