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1背景海洋,是人类生存和可持续发展的战略基地。当全球各沿海国家迫于人口膨胀、资源短缺、环境恶化的压力,用新的视角关注、开发和利用海洋时,频频出现的海上溢油事故及其对海洋生态环境带来的严重危害,已逐渐引起国际社会和联合组织的普遍关注。尤其是近十几年,随着航运业和海洋开发的空前发展,一方面,海上货运量逐年大幅度增长,世
1 Background Ocean is a strategic base for the survival and sustainable development of mankind. When coastal countries in the world are forced by the pressure of population expansion, shortage of resources and environmental degradation, and from a new perspective to exploit and utilize the oceans, the frequent oil spill accidents at sea and their serious harm to the marine ecological environment have been solved. Gradually aroused the widespread concern of the international community and the coalition. Especially in the past decade or so, with the unprecedented development of the shipping industry and marine development, on the one hand, the volume of freight transportation by sea has increased substantially year by year. The world