译者注:此文译自美国《Machine Design》一刊,它从1981年第53卷第7期开始定期分章刊出,目前全文仍在连载之中。据原文所注,这篇文章转自纽约一家公司预期在1981年10月出版的《Making It in Management》一书。它是一本供工程技术人员、科学工作者和技术管理人员使用的具有指导意义的书籍。此文章节及标题乃详考后加。 Translator’s Note: This article has been translated from the United States “Machine Design”, which began in Chapter 53 of the 7th issue of the 1981 periodical chapter published, the full text is still in the series. According to the original note, this article was transferred from the book “Making It in Management” that was expected to be published by a company in New York in October 1981. It is an instructive book for engineering technicians, scientists, and technical managers. The section and headings of this article are added after detailed examination.