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现代工程实践把我们带入了一个“风险社会”之中。与财富的分配不同,风险分配以颠倒的方式附着于社会阶层上,即财富在上层聚集,而风险在下层聚集,加深了社会的不平等和非正义,风险分配的社会正义问题日益凸显。首先,风险分配正义是要通过合理的制度安排,使工程风险对公众的总体伤害降至最低,实现合理利益的最大化,即要为“最大多数人”提供“最多的善”;其次,风险分配正义在保障共同体的幸福最大化的同时,还要充分尊重每个个体的基本自由权利;再次,工程风险的分配正义不是要实现风险的平均分配,而是要实现差异平等,即事实上的平等。
Modern engineering practices have brought us into a “risky society.” Different from the distribution of wealth, the risk distribution is attached to the social strata in an upside-down manner. That is, the wealth accumulates in the upper strata, while the risk accumulates in the lower strata, deepening the social inequality and injustice, and the social justice of risk distribution becomes increasingly prominent. First of all, the justice of risk distribution is to maximize the reasonable benefits through reasonable institutional arrangement so as to minimize the total damage to the public caused by engineering risk, that is, to provide “the most good ” for the “majority” Secondly, the risk distribution justice should maximize the happiness of the community while fully respecting each individual’s basic freedom rights. Thirdly, the allocation justice of engineering risk does not mean to realize the average risk distribution, but to realize the equality of difference, De facto equality.