照应性可分为外指和内指,内指具有语篇衔接功能。内指可分为回指和下指。朱永生等认为,“下指照应指的是所指对象位于下文,即指代成分的指称位于指代成分之后”。下指又可称作后指或预指。下指是英语中重要的语篇照应关系之一。而且,下指是使照应关系难度增大的因素之一。由于 The reference can be divided into outer and inner fingers. The inner finger has the function of textual cohesion. The inner finger can be divided into back and down fingers. Zhu Yongsheng and others believe that “under the referent should refer to the object that is located below, that is, the reference to the component is located after the reference component.” The lower finger can also be referred to as backward or pre-referential. Down fingering is one of the important discourse anaphoric relations in English. Moreover, the lower finger is one of the factors that make the affiliation relationship more difficult. due to