论文部分内容阅读
[设题方式]
从题目的设置上，笔者认为“推理判断”类阅读理解题的设题形式主要有以下三种：
1. 推测作者写作目的或意图；
2. 推测文章的观点或结论；
3. 推断文章出处或结构。
推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。该题型要求通过文章中的文字信息，上下逻辑关系及事物的发展变化规律等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点，是不少同学感到很头疼的一类题。
[试题类型与方法点拨]
“推理判断类”阅读理解题可以分为四大类：
1. 细节推断题
该类试题要求考生根据语篇及逻辑联系，推断时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份等细节。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识来判断。
例1 （2015陕西卷） Kaith Robinson， the author of the study， said， “I really don’t know if the public is ready for this but there are some ways parents can be involved in their kids’ education that leads to declines in their academic performance. One of the things that was consistently negative was parents’ help with homework.” Robinson suggested that may be because parents themselves struggle to understand the task，“ They may either not remember the material their kids are studying now， or in some cases never learnt it themselves， but they’re still offering advice.”
Robinson assessed parental involvement performance and found one of the most damaging things a parent could do was to punish their children for poor marks. In general， about 20% of parental involvement was positive， about 45% negative and the rest statistically insignificant.
59. What is the major finding of Robinson’s study？
A. Modern parents raise children in a more scientific way.
B. Punishing kids for bad marks is mentally damaging.
C. Parental involvement is not so beneficial as expected.
D. Parents are not able to help with children’s homework.
解析 C。本文介绍了最新的一项研究，发现父母帮助孩子完成作业或以其他形式参与到孩子的教育中会对孩子的学业产生不利影响。根据文中第四段In general， about 20% of parental involvement was positive， about 45% negative and the rest statistically insignificant.中的数据可知，大约20%的父母参与是正面的，大约45%的父母参与是负面的。通过这些数据可得出结论：父母的参与没有想象中的那么有益。
点拨 同学们在完成此类题目时，应注意认真分析，排除干扰项。通常来说，干扰项有以下几大特点：（1）短文内容的简单重复，不是推理得出的结论；（2）与原文相悖的内容；（3）与常识相吻合，但文中找不到证据；（4）文章没有涉及，纯属主观臆断的结论。
2. 因果推断题
该类试题要求考生根据已知结果推测原因，需要考生准确理解文章的含义。
例2 （2015新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D） Conflict is on the menu tonight at the café La Chope. This evening， as on every Thursday night， psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes， coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn’t always easy. They customers-some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 （plus drinks） per session-care quick to intellectualize （高谈阔论）， slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say ‘one feels’， or ‘people think’，”Lehane told them. “Say ‘I think’， ‘Think me’.” A café society where no intellectualizing is allowed？ It couldn’t seem more un-French. But Lehanne’s psychology café is about more than knowing oneself： It’s trying to help the city’s troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years， Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours， a fast food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology， history， and engineering are catching on， filling tables well into the evening.
35. Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris？
A. They bring people true friendship.
B. They give people spiritual support.
C. They help people realize their dreams.
D. They offer a platform for business links.
解析 B。文介绍了目前在法国流行的主题咖啡馆产生的背景和对消费者起到的心理治疗的作用。文中第一段Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It is n’t always easy ... slow to open up and connect等表述均表明这种咖啡馆让顾客学会表达自己，故而能给他们以精神支持。尤其是根据最后一段可知，“心理咖啡馆”之所以变得受欢迎是因为在这里举办讨论活动的心理学家能抚慰人们的心灵。
点拨 同学们在答题时，一方面要以原文的信息为依据，从文章里找线索和事实进行判断。另一方面，也要着眼全篇，通盘考虑，通过对文章主题和上下文逻辑关系的准确把握，推测某事发生的根本原因。
3. 人物性格、态度及观点判断题
该类试题考查考生对文章的主导思想，被描写人物语气，话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向，以及文中人物态度、观点等方面的理解。
例3 （2014新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C） How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion？ How often do you have something you want to achieve （e.g. lose weight， start a business， travel more）—only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress？
This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best， the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. The end result is that we feel like we can’t focus or that we’re focused on the wrong things， and so we take less action， make less progress， and stay the same when we could be improving.
30. What is the author’s attitude towards the experts mentioned in paragraph 3？
A.Tolerant B.Doubtful
C.Respectful D.Supportive
解析 B。本文由训狮人的椅子引出议论：当狮子在面临很多选择的时候就会困惑，不知道该做什么，以此警示我们：当生活中有很多选择时，不要困惑而要果断抉择。文中第三段最后一句The end result is that we feel like we can’t focus or that we’re focused on the wrong things ...（最后的结果是我们感到自己无法专注或专注于错误的事情）可知，作者对专家的建议是持怀疑态度的。
例4 （2015新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解B） The freezing Northeast hasn’t been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter， so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota， Florida， my bags were packed before you could say “sunshine”. I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C（维生素C）， thinking of beaches and orange trees. When we touched down to blue skies and warm air， I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness. Swimming pools， wine tasting， and pink sunsets （at normal evening hours， not 4 in the afternoon） filled the weekend， but the best part-particularly to my taste， dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables—was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers’ market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call. 24. What did the author think of her winter life in New York？
A. Exciting. B. Boring.
C. Relaxing. D. Annoying.
解析 B。根据文章第一句话中的The freezing Northeast hasn’t been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter以及最后一句dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables可以判断，作者不喜欢甚至觉得在纽约过冬乏味。
点拨 同学们做这类题时一定要注意：（1）准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的观点代替作者的观点；（2）注意那些描写环境或气氛的语句，以及表达感情、态度或观点的词语，要特别注意含有感情色彩的形容词；（3）结合自己平时积累的英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识判断。
4. 预测想象推理题
该类试题主要特点是：有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下文可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。较简单的一类，是在文章最后一段给出相应提示，同学们只需读懂最后一段所包含的信息，既可以准确预知后文内容。
例5 （2015湖北卷·阅读理解E） On the whole， Brooks’s story is acceptable if uninspired. As one would expect， his writing is mostly clear and， to be fair， some chapters stand out above the rest. I enjoyed， for instance， the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own. While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters， the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere. These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science.
70. What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph？
A. Problems with the book.
B. Brooks’s life experience.
C. Death of the characters.
D. Brooks’s translation skills.
解析 A。本文是一篇书评，介绍了Brooks的一本新书。在文章的最后一段的最后一句提到了这本书的一些问题，那么后文中就很有可能具体说明这本书的问题所在。
还有一类题目，不能直接根据文章最后一段得到提示，而是要从全文内容来推断，常见于“提出问题→解决问题”这类文章。
例6 Although the ending sounds overstated the damage phubbing can bring is real. Your health is the first to bear the effect and result of it. “Constantly bending your head to check your cell phone could damage your neck，” Guangming Daily quoted doctors as saying， “the neck is like a rope that breaks after long-term stretching.” Also， staring at cell phones for long periods of time will damage your eyesight gradually， according to the report.
But that’s not all. Being a phubber could also damage your social skills and drive you away from your friends and family. At reunions with family or friends， many people tend to stick to their cell phones while others are chatting happily with each other and this creates a strange atmosphere， Qilu Evening News reported.
It can also cost you your life. There have been lots of reports on phubbers who fell to their death， suffered accidents， and were robbed of their cell phones in broad daylight.
27. What might be a better topic if the passage continues？
A. Tips on how to use a cell phone economically.
B. Practical ways to reduce the risks of phubbing.
C. Naming a few people addicted to phubbing.
D. More consequences of phubbing.
解析 B。文章谈到沉迷于手机的“低头族”以及长期低头“phubbing”所带来的各种危害，如会损害到健康、社会交往，以及高度关注手机内容忽视身边环境导致诸如车祸、抢劫等事故。根据全文所谈到的内容，尤其是后三段对危害的详细阐述，后文就应该很可能谈到解决沉迷低头玩手机的具体办法。
点拨 同学们在做这类题时，应把握文章结构或作者的写作思路，如总分结构、事件发展的经过、因果关系、对比关系等，从而作出科学的、合乎情理的预测。
从题目的设置上，笔者认为“推理判断”类阅读理解题的设题形式主要有以下三种：
1. 推测作者写作目的或意图；
2. 推测文章的观点或结论；
3. 推断文章出处或结构。
推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。该题型要求通过文章中的文字信息，上下逻辑关系及事物的发展变化规律等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点，是不少同学感到很头疼的一类题。
[试题类型与方法点拨]
“推理判断类”阅读理解题可以分为四大类：
1. 细节推断题
该类试题要求考生根据语篇及逻辑联系，推断时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份等细节。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识来判断。
例1 （2015陕西卷） Kaith Robinson， the author of the study， said， “I really don’t know if the public is ready for this but there are some ways parents can be involved in their kids’ education that leads to declines in their academic performance. One of the things that was consistently negative was parents’ help with homework.” Robinson suggested that may be because parents themselves struggle to understand the task，“ They may either not remember the material their kids are studying now， or in some cases never learnt it themselves， but they’re still offering advice.”
Robinson assessed parental involvement performance and found one of the most damaging things a parent could do was to punish their children for poor marks. In general， about 20% of parental involvement was positive， about 45% negative and the rest statistically insignificant.
59. What is the major finding of Robinson’s study？
A. Modern parents raise children in a more scientific way.
B. Punishing kids for bad marks is mentally damaging.
C. Parental involvement is not so beneficial as expected.
D. Parents are not able to help with children’s homework.
解析 C。本文介绍了最新的一项研究，发现父母帮助孩子完成作业或以其他形式参与到孩子的教育中会对孩子的学业产生不利影响。根据文中第四段In general， about 20% of parental involvement was positive， about 45% negative and the rest statistically insignificant.中的数据可知，大约20%的父母参与是正面的，大约45%的父母参与是负面的。通过这些数据可得出结论：父母的参与没有想象中的那么有益。
点拨 同学们在完成此类题目时，应注意认真分析，排除干扰项。通常来说，干扰项有以下几大特点：（1）短文内容的简单重复，不是推理得出的结论；（2）与原文相悖的内容；（3）与常识相吻合，但文中找不到证据；（4）文章没有涉及，纯属主观臆断的结论。
2. 因果推断题
该类试题要求考生根据已知结果推测原因，需要考生准确理解文章的含义。
例2 （2015新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D） Conflict is on the menu tonight at the café La Chope. This evening， as on every Thursday night， psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes， coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn’t always easy. They customers-some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 （plus drinks） per session-care quick to intellectualize （高谈阔论）， slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say ‘one feels’， or ‘people think’，”Lehane told them. “Say ‘I think’， ‘Think me’.” A café society where no intellectualizing is allowed？ It couldn’t seem more un-French. But Lehanne’s psychology café is about more than knowing oneself： It’s trying to help the city’s troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years， Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours， a fast food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology， history， and engineering are catching on， filling tables well into the evening.
35. Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris？
A. They bring people true friendship.
B. They give people spiritual support.
C. They help people realize their dreams.
D. They offer a platform for business links.
解析 B。文介绍了目前在法国流行的主题咖啡馆产生的背景和对消费者起到的心理治疗的作用。文中第一段Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It is n’t always easy ... slow to open up and connect等表述均表明这种咖啡馆让顾客学会表达自己，故而能给他们以精神支持。尤其是根据最后一段可知，“心理咖啡馆”之所以变得受欢迎是因为在这里举办讨论活动的心理学家能抚慰人们的心灵。
点拨 同学们在答题时，一方面要以原文的信息为依据，从文章里找线索和事实进行判断。另一方面，也要着眼全篇，通盘考虑，通过对文章主题和上下文逻辑关系的准确把握，推测某事发生的根本原因。
3. 人物性格、态度及观点判断题
该类试题考查考生对文章的主导思想，被描写人物语气，话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向，以及文中人物态度、观点等方面的理解。
例3 （2014新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C） How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion？ How often do you have something you want to achieve （e.g. lose weight， start a business， travel more）—only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress？
This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best， the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. The end result is that we feel like we can’t focus or that we’re focused on the wrong things， and so we take less action， make less progress， and stay the same when we could be improving.
30. What is the author’s attitude towards the experts mentioned in paragraph 3？
A.Tolerant B.Doubtful
C.Respectful D.Supportive
解析 B。本文由训狮人的椅子引出议论：当狮子在面临很多选择的时候就会困惑，不知道该做什么，以此警示我们：当生活中有很多选择时，不要困惑而要果断抉择。文中第三段最后一句The end result is that we feel like we can’t focus or that we’re focused on the wrong things ...（最后的结果是我们感到自己无法专注或专注于错误的事情）可知，作者对专家的建议是持怀疑态度的。
例4 （2015新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解B） The freezing Northeast hasn’t been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter， so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota， Florida， my bags were packed before you could say “sunshine”. I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C（维生素C）， thinking of beaches and orange trees. When we touched down to blue skies and warm air， I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness. Swimming pools， wine tasting， and pink sunsets （at normal evening hours， not 4 in the afternoon） filled the weekend， but the best part-particularly to my taste， dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables—was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers’ market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call. 24. What did the author think of her winter life in New York？
A. Exciting. B. Boring.
C. Relaxing. D. Annoying.
解析 B。根据文章第一句话中的The freezing Northeast hasn’t been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter以及最后一句dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables可以判断，作者不喜欢甚至觉得在纽约过冬乏味。
点拨 同学们做这类题时一定要注意：（1）准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的观点代替作者的观点；（2）注意那些描写环境或气氛的语句，以及表达感情、态度或观点的词语，要特别注意含有感情色彩的形容词；（3）结合自己平时积累的英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识判断。
4. 预测想象推理题
该类试题主要特点是：有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下文可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。较简单的一类，是在文章最后一段给出相应提示，同学们只需读懂最后一段所包含的信息，既可以准确预知后文内容。
例5 （2015湖北卷·阅读理解E） On the whole， Brooks’s story is acceptable if uninspired. As one would expect， his writing is mostly clear and， to be fair， some chapters stand out above the rest. I enjoyed， for instance， the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own. While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters， the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere. These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science.
70. What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph？
A. Problems with the book.
B. Brooks’s life experience.
C. Death of the characters.
D. Brooks’s translation skills.
解析 A。本文是一篇书评，介绍了Brooks的一本新书。在文章的最后一段的最后一句提到了这本书的一些问题，那么后文中就很有可能具体说明这本书的问题所在。
还有一类题目，不能直接根据文章最后一段得到提示，而是要从全文内容来推断，常见于“提出问题→解决问题”这类文章。
例6 Although the ending sounds overstated the damage phubbing can bring is real. Your health is the first to bear the effect and result of it. “Constantly bending your head to check your cell phone could damage your neck，” Guangming Daily quoted doctors as saying， “the neck is like a rope that breaks after long-term stretching.” Also， staring at cell phones for long periods of time will damage your eyesight gradually， according to the report.
But that’s not all. Being a phubber could also damage your social skills and drive you away from your friends and family. At reunions with family or friends， many people tend to stick to their cell phones while others are chatting happily with each other and this creates a strange atmosphere， Qilu Evening News reported.
It can also cost you your life. There have been lots of reports on phubbers who fell to their death， suffered accidents， and were robbed of their cell phones in broad daylight.
27. What might be a better topic if the passage continues？
A. Tips on how to use a cell phone economically.
B. Practical ways to reduce the risks of phubbing.
C. Naming a few people addicted to phubbing.
D. More consequences of phubbing.
解析 B。文章谈到沉迷于手机的“低头族”以及长期低头“phubbing”所带来的各种危害，如会损害到健康、社会交往，以及高度关注手机内容忽视身边环境导致诸如车祸、抢劫等事故。根据全文所谈到的内容，尤其是后三段对危害的详细阐述，后文就应该很可能谈到解决沉迷低头玩手机的具体办法。
点拨 同学们在做这类题时，应把握文章结构或作者的写作思路，如总分结构、事件发展的经过、因果关系、对比关系等，从而作出科学的、合乎情理的预测。