论文部分内容阅读
一、关于“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。
1. 此类定语从句的难点是介词的判定。一般而言，介词的选择主要依据从句中的动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配而定。例如：
In the dark street there wasn’t a single person ____ she could turn for help. (MET 1992)
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
(turn to sb. for help为固定搭配，意为“向某人求助”)
The engineer began to research into the question with which he was not familiar. (with是形容词familiar后的固定搭配)
2. 介词的判定有时应根据先行词与从句中的动词关系或在从句中所起的作用和表达的含义而定。例如：
The writing brush with which he practices calligraphy is made of wolf hair, so, worth 200 yuan. (with which理解为“用毛笔写”)
She was educated at Beijing University, ____ she went to have her advanced study abroad. (2006 陕西)
A. after that B. from that C. from which D. after which
(after的确定是根据“北大毕业后”)
I saw a woman running toward me in the dark, before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction ____ she had come. (2007 重庆)
A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which
(from的确定是根据“她从那个方向来”)
3. 注意有些动词短语不能拆开使用，其介词不能放在关系代词前。常见的有：
look for, look after, pay attention to, take care of, depend on, listen to等。例如：
The injured workers whom the doctors and nurses took good care of are now back at home.
4. 在“of+关系代词”中，介词of含有两方面的意义：
1)表示所属关系“……的……”，此时of which/whom只能在所修饰词的后面，其语法意义等于whose+所修饰的词。例如：
He lives in a room the window of which(=whose window) faces south.
2)表示“其中”，这时of which/whom的位置比较灵活，可以放在所修饰的词前，也可以放在其后。例如：
There are many foreign students in our school, of whom 20 are from Australia.
The books, five of which are to be kept at the library, will be distributed among us.
5. 注意区别“介词at/in/on +which”引导的定语从句与where引导的地点状语从句的区别：
——Mom, what did your doctor say?
——He advised me to live ____ the air is fresher. (2007 四川)
A. in where B. in which C. the place where D. where
不少考生选B或C，是因为此题看起来像定语从句，而实际上本题是考查where引导的地点状语从句。如果原题为He advised me to live in the place…，则选B；若为He advised me to live in…，则选C，两者都能完成定语从句的结构。
二、关于主谓一致问题。
1. 若关系代词作从句主语，则定语从句谓语动词的数取决于先行词。例如：
The student was the only one that was admitted into the military college.
The student was one of those who were admitted into military colleges.
2. 关系代词加所修饰的词(如whose+n.或n.+of which/whom)作主语时,定语从句谓语动词的数不是与先行词而是与所修饰的词(如名词单复数)有关。
George explained that this was the official dress for taking examinations(先行词), many of which were held in June.
A survey(先行词) was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, the results of which were surprising.
三、关于定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
——It’s thirty years since we last met.
——But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ____ we got
lost on a rainy night. (2007 四川)
A. which B. that C. what D. when
此题巧妙地将定语从句、同位语从句及插入语结合起来，形成不大不小的干扰，对学生进行综合考查。根据对句意的详细分析，题目考查的不是定语从句，而是同位语从句，故答案只能选B。复习定语从句应该牵涉到同位语从句，才有深度。定语从句和同位语从句的主要区别点在引导词which和that上：that既可引导定语从句，又可引导同位语从句；而which不可以引导同位语从句。另外，我们也可以从性质上对这两种从句加以区别，定语从句是从句对先行词的修饰和限制，属于形容词性从句；而同位语从句是从句对前面的名词，特别是抽象名词作补充说明，属于名词性从句。再如一些省市的同类题：
The fact ____ she didn’t said anything surprised us all.
A. why B. that C. where D. because
We expressed the hope ____ Mr and Mrs Smith would come to visit China next year.
A. that B. which C. until D. if
There is much chance ____ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. that B. which C. until D. if
四、区别whose作定语和which作定语。
关系代词whose是形容词，只能作定语，不能单独作主语或宾语。which为名词性关系代词，通常只能作主语或宾语,但是也有which当形容词用作定语的时候。例如：
There are still many people whose living conditions are miserable.
In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., ____ many people have got home. (1995 上海)
A. whose time B. that
C. on which D. by which time
I was told to go not by train but by bus, ____ I followed.
A. that B. where C. that advice D. which advice
两者的区别是：whose是所属关系，表示“……的”，而which没有所属关系，只表示“这、那”等同位关系。
五、注意几个名词case，condition，situation带定语从句时，通常选用where作关系副词。也就是说，这几个词是暗含地点意义的名词。例如：
I can think of many cases ____ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.
(2003 上海)
A. why B. which C. as D. where
He’s got himself into a dangerous situation ____ he is likely to lose control over the plane. (2001 上海)
A. where B. which C. while D. why
名词point在指地点意义时选where，而在表示时间（点）意义时又选when。例如：
We are just trying to reach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk. (2006 山东)
A. where B. that C. when D. which
We had reached the point when there was no money left.
六、弄清whatever，whoever和whichever的定语从句结构
what， whatever， whoever和whichever引导的句子虽然通常都被看作是名词性从句，但是它们都可以作定语从句的特殊关系代词。它们看似疑问词，实际上并不含疑问意义。如果将它们分解，则分别是：whatever= anything that， whichever=the one which， whoever=anyone who。例如：
These pictures are so special that I would do whatever I can to save them.
Take whichever you like best.
Whoever knows the truth will tell you about it.
七、注意the way作先行词，其后的定语从句的特殊形式。
the way作先行词时，定语从句的引导词通常是in which和that，或者省略。例如：
What surprised me was not what he said but ____ he said it.
(2004 湖北)
A. the way B. in the way that
C. in the way D. the way which
They’re also paid $600 for their work—another way this program differs from others…(2006 四川)
I hate his way in which he always criticizes me.
The way that we made the experiment can be counted as innovative(创新的).
八、注意that可以作关系副词。
that一向被看作关系代词，其实它还可以作关系副词，功能上相当于when， where和why。例如：
This is the first time that we have been here to make a tour.
We invited the man to the party the day that you arrived.
This is the house that my father lived.
The reason that he died was lack of food.
1. 此类定语从句的难点是介词的判定。一般而言，介词的选择主要依据从句中的动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配而定。例如：
In the dark street there wasn’t a single person ____ she could turn for help. (MET 1992)
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
(turn to sb. for help为固定搭配，意为“向某人求助”)
The engineer began to research into the question with which he was not familiar. (with是形容词familiar后的固定搭配)
2. 介词的判定有时应根据先行词与从句中的动词关系或在从句中所起的作用和表达的含义而定。例如：
The writing brush with which he practices calligraphy is made of wolf hair, so, worth 200 yuan. (with which理解为“用毛笔写”)
She was educated at Beijing University, ____ she went to have her advanced study abroad. (2006 陕西)
A. after that B. from that C. from which D. after which
(after的确定是根据“北大毕业后”)
I saw a woman running toward me in the dark, before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction ____ she had come. (2007 重庆)
A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which
(from的确定是根据“她从那个方向来”)
3. 注意有些动词短语不能拆开使用，其介词不能放在关系代词前。常见的有：
look for, look after, pay attention to, take care of, depend on, listen to等。例如：
The injured workers whom the doctors and nurses took good care of are now back at home.
4. 在“of+关系代词”中，介词of含有两方面的意义：
1)表示所属关系“……的……”，此时of which/whom只能在所修饰词的后面，其语法意义等于whose+所修饰的词。例如：
He lives in a room the window of which(=whose window) faces south.
2)表示“其中”，这时of which/whom的位置比较灵活，可以放在所修饰的词前，也可以放在其后。例如：
There are many foreign students in our school, of whom 20 are from Australia.
The books, five of which are to be kept at the library, will be distributed among us.
5. 注意区别“介词at/in/on +which”引导的定语从句与where引导的地点状语从句的区别：
——Mom, what did your doctor say?
——He advised me to live ____ the air is fresher. (2007 四川)
A. in where B. in which C. the place where D. where
不少考生选B或C，是因为此题看起来像定语从句，而实际上本题是考查where引导的地点状语从句。如果原题为He advised me to live in the place…，则选B；若为He advised me to live in…，则选C，两者都能完成定语从句的结构。
二、关于主谓一致问题。
1. 若关系代词作从句主语，则定语从句谓语动词的数取决于先行词。例如：
The student was the only one that was admitted into the military college.
The student was one of those who were admitted into military colleges.
2. 关系代词加所修饰的词(如whose+n.或n.+of which/whom)作主语时,定语从句谓语动词的数不是与先行词而是与所修饰的词(如名词单复数)有关。
George explained that this was the official dress for taking examinations(先行词), many of which were held in June.
A survey(先行词) was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, the results of which were surprising.
三、关于定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
——It’s thirty years since we last met.
——But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ____ we got
lost on a rainy night. (2007 四川)
A. which B. that C. what D. when
此题巧妙地将定语从句、同位语从句及插入语结合起来，形成不大不小的干扰，对学生进行综合考查。根据对句意的详细分析，题目考查的不是定语从句，而是同位语从句，故答案只能选B。复习定语从句应该牵涉到同位语从句，才有深度。定语从句和同位语从句的主要区别点在引导词which和that上：that既可引导定语从句，又可引导同位语从句；而which不可以引导同位语从句。另外，我们也可以从性质上对这两种从句加以区别，定语从句是从句对先行词的修饰和限制，属于形容词性从句；而同位语从句是从句对前面的名词，特别是抽象名词作补充说明，属于名词性从句。再如一些省市的同类题：
The fact ____ she didn’t said anything surprised us all.
A. why B. that C. where D. because
We expressed the hope ____ Mr and Mrs Smith would come to visit China next year.
A. that B. which C. until D. if
There is much chance ____ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. that B. which C. until D. if
四、区别whose作定语和which作定语。
关系代词whose是形容词，只能作定语，不能单独作主语或宾语。which为名词性关系代词，通常只能作主语或宾语,但是也有which当形容词用作定语的时候。例如：
There are still many people whose living conditions are miserable.
In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., ____ many people have got home. (1995 上海)
A. whose time B. that
C. on which D. by which time
I was told to go not by train but by bus, ____ I followed.
A. that B. where C. that advice D. which advice
两者的区别是：whose是所属关系，表示“……的”，而which没有所属关系，只表示“这、那”等同位关系。
五、注意几个名词case，condition，situation带定语从句时，通常选用where作关系副词。也就是说，这几个词是暗含地点意义的名词。例如：
I can think of many cases ____ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.
(2003 上海)
A. why B. which C. as D. where
He’s got himself into a dangerous situation ____ he is likely to lose control over the plane. (2001 上海)
A. where B. which C. while D. why
名词point在指地点意义时选where，而在表示时间（点）意义时又选when。例如：
We are just trying to reach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk. (2006 山东)
A. where B. that C. when D. which
We had reached the point when there was no money left.
六、弄清whatever，whoever和whichever的定语从句结构
what， whatever， whoever和whichever引导的句子虽然通常都被看作是名词性从句，但是它们都可以作定语从句的特殊关系代词。它们看似疑问词，实际上并不含疑问意义。如果将它们分解，则分别是：whatever= anything that， whichever=the one which， whoever=anyone who。例如：
These pictures are so special that I would do whatever I can to save them.
Take whichever you like best.
Whoever knows the truth will tell you about it.
七、注意the way作先行词，其后的定语从句的特殊形式。
the way作先行词时，定语从句的引导词通常是in which和that，或者省略。例如：
What surprised me was not what he said but ____ he said it.
(2004 湖北)
A. the way B. in the way that
C. in the way D. the way which
They’re also paid $600 for their work—another way this program differs from others…(2006 四川)
I hate his way in which he always criticizes me.
The way that we made the experiment can be counted as innovative(创新的).
八、注意that可以作关系副词。
that一向被看作关系代词，其实它还可以作关系副词，功能上相当于when， where和why。例如：
This is the first time that we have been here to make a tour.
We invited the man to the party the day that you arrived.
This is the house that my father lived.
The reason that he died was lack of food.