论文部分内容阅读
我们在历史学上总要莫名其妙地多多少少犯一些相对主义和主观主义的毛病,同时在普通日常思维与相互交往上也同样会其名其妙地不能完全摆脱相对主义与主观主义的影响。的确,这种说法的主要错误现在已经很明显,无须我们指出了。如果所有的判断都受到影响,我们就没有什么可以用来区别不同影响程度的东西了;如果所有判断都带有偏见、主观、偶然性扣相对性,又有什么判断更加带有偏见、主观、偶然和相对性的呢?如果“主观”、“相对”、“偏见”等字眼都不是比较和对照的字眼,都不意味着可能有所谓“客观”(或“不大主观”)、“公正”(或至少“不大带有偏见”)的话,这些字眼对我们又有什么意义呢?把这些字眼用来指任何东西,用作绝对字眼,而不是相对而言的字眼,那就是对它们的正常用法的一种修辞性的歪曲,是一种“人皆有死”那样空泛的警告,是要我们全记着自己多么微弱、无知和渺小,是一条严厉的格言,也许有它的益处,但在追究历史上责任的问题方面并不是一种严肃的学说,对任何一羣道德家或者政治家或者人类都用不上。我们的有些判断无疑是相对的和主观的,但余下的并不如此;因为如果我们所有的判断都是如此的话,如果客观性在原则上是不可想象的话,那么主观和客观这两个名辞就不再是相反的了,它们就不再有任何意义;因为一切联带的名辞都是存亡与共的。
In history, we should always be more or less inexplicably guilty of some relativism and subjectivism. At the same time, we can not yet completely get rid of the influence of relativism and subjectivism in ordinary daily thinking and interaction. Indeed, the main error of this statement is now obvious, needless to say. If all the judgments are affected, we have nothing to distinguish between different degrees of influence; if all judgments are prejudiced, subjective, contingent relativity, and what is more judgmental bias, subjective and accidental If the words “subjective”, “relative” and “prejudice” are not words of comparison and comparison, it does not mean that there may be so-called “objective” (or “not subjective”) and “fair” (Or at least “not prejudiced”), what is the meaning of these words for us? To use these words for anything, as an absolute word, not as a relative word, A rhetorical distortment of normal usage is a vague warning such as “Everyone dies,” and it is a harsh motto that we can all remember our own weakness, ignorance and insignificance, and perhaps its benefits, However, it is not a serious doctrine in pursuing the question of responsibility in history, nor can it be used by any group of moralists or politicians or human beings. Some of our judgments are undoubtedly relative and subjective, but not the rest; for if all our judgments are so, if objectivity is, in principle, unthinkable, then the two subjective and objective terms They are no longer the opposite, and they no longer have any meaning; for all the rhetoric of the conjunction is existential.