论文部分内容阅读
职高的学生基本上是普高筛选后剩下的或者是从社会中再回学校的，从学识水平尤其是英语水平来说优秀的极少，所以提高他们的英语阅读能力相当困难但又不得不提高。本人就多年的对口升学教学经验对这个问题作了些不成熟的探究，还望得到各位专家的指点。
一、选择题型阅读理解题
对口升学考试选择题型阅读理解题共三篇，主要考查学生综合运用所学语言知识的能力，包括细节理解、推理判断、词语理解和归纳总结以及对材料的评估能力。
（1）细节理解题主要考查学生识别阅读材料中的具体事实和细节的能力。它常常针对文章中的事实和细节进行提问。这类题目的答案一般都能在阅读材料中找到相应的文字作为验证，这些材料可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或若干个句子。做这类题目时，应该使用寻读法，即读题，然后带着问题阅读短文，从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息。平时训练时，要求学生将文章中谈到的人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等地方做标记，这样回答问题时就可以迅速查找到相关信息，从而达到做题既快速又准确的目标。
以2015年湖南对口招生A篇为例：
A Korean designer，Jeadeon Jeong，has invented a “cartrider”.This idea is to put a shopping cart and a bicycle together.That will add some fun to your weekly shopping！
63.The cartrider can make your shopping more .
A.difficult
B.boring
C.interesting
D.necessary
分析：本题考查细节理解。根据“That will add some fun to your weekly shopping！”这一句，四个选项中，interesting与fun意思相近，所以选C。
（2）推理判断题主要考查学生透过文章的表面文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。这种问题不能从文章中直接找到答案，必须根据上下文及其相互之间的关系对文章表面文字信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，才能做出准确判断，从而找到答案。
以2013年湖南对口招生B篇为例：
Last Friday，Jamie finished his homework after the second class in the morning. He hurried out to play basketball. The playground was wet. After some time his basketball and his hands got dirty. It was 9：45 and ran into the classroom. During the class，Mr.Black，the teacher， told Jamie to write some new words on the black board. Jamie stood in front of the blackboard and started to write. Mr. Black saw his right hand was dirty.
67. When did Jamie play basketball last Friday？
A. After the first class
B. After the third class
C. Between the first and second class.
D. Between the second and the third class
分析：根据文中第一句“Last Friday， Jamie finished his homework after the second class in the morning. He hurried out to play basketball”可知，Jamie是在第二节课后，即第二节和第三节课之间去打篮球的。故选答案D。
（3）主旨大意题要求学生在掌握全文信息的基础上，归纳出文章的主旨大意或中心思想，常针对主题、标题、目的拟题。做这类题目时，应该使用快读法：先通读全文，这样可以使注意力集中于文章的整体思路及要点之间的联系，并且要结合所学的语言知识、背景知识、生活常识等进行逻辑推理，从而对主题进行概括。要求学生做题时，特别要注意仔细阅读文章的开头段和结尾段。
以2012年湖南对口招生C篇为例：
Museums are one of the greatest resources of mankind. When one walks around most cities， small or large， one is sure to fine a museum. Early museums were churches. The artwork and paintings helped people to find a museum， the church and the people that attended it.
……
Since these early museums， many things have changed. Most museums are still places to show art and scientific discoveries， but there are many unusual ones that have been set up over the years. In the famous people Madam Tussard’s museum， there are wax figures of a variety of the history of sex on New York City. Museums have been around for centuries and without doubt they will be there for centuries to come. 75. What is the passage mainly about？
A. Early European explorers
B. A brief history of museum
C. The latest museum in the city
D. The best science museum in the West
分析：根据文中最后一段，可知答案为B。
二、判断题型阅读理解题
对口升学考试判断题型阅读理解题只有一篇，主要考查学生对文章的具体事实、信息的理解能力。训练时，要求学生对似是而非的句子，一定要认真识别，只有完全符合文章意思的方可判定为正确。提醒学生那些意思基本符合却仍有一点不符合文意的句子大多是陷阱，应该判定为错误。同时阅读时不只看语言文字堆积成的语言表象材料，而应该读懂语言背后的意思。
以2013年湖南对口招生题为例：
...Finally， the headmaster closed his book and walked towards the door.
“Thank heavens， he didn’t find me under the sofa！”Thought Bob.
Then Mr. Mason stopped and spoke towards the sofa. “Would you turn off the light when you leave？” He said and left the study.
80. Mr. Mason didn’t find Bob under the sofa.
分析：根据文中“Then Mr. Mason stopped and spoke towards the sofa. ‘Would you turn off the light when you leave？’”就可以推断出，Mr. Mason早就发现了Bob，所以该题答案为F。
三、简答题型阅读理解题
对口升学考试简答题型阅读理解题只有一篇。此题型主要考查学生在阅读理解的基础上用英语进行书面表达的能力。从近五年的考题中可以看出，细节理解题占80%，推理判断题占15%，观点态度题占5%。所以，细节理解题和推理判断题仍然是这类题型的主要考查方式。
（1）细节理解题主要是以how，what，why提问的方式为主，比较容易从文中找到答案，关键是教会学生如何处理、转换信息，从而归纳出问题的答案。
以2013年湖南对口招生题为例：
I started my school life at six. At first the school for me， a boy， meant play， play and more play instead of sitting in the classroom and learning something. However， I changed the way I used to behave at school with the help of my teachers. I tried my best to do well in my schoolwork and follow the school rules.
81. When did the writer start to go to school？
分析：根据文中“I started my school life at six”，可知答案是At six。
（2）训练推理判断题时，主要是要求学生根据文本字面的意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章寓意后再根据问题回答。
以2011年湖南对口招生题为例：
AFRICAN SAFARI PARK
Drive your own car or take the special train. See lions， elephant， tigers without cages.
Open every day 9：00～16：00
Special tickets：$35 for 4 people
82. How much should you pay if eight of you go to the zoo？
分析：根据文中“Special tickets：$35 for 4 people”，可知答案是$70。
总之，面对英语基础差、底子薄的职高生，教师应该吃透对口升学对学生阅读理解能力考查的要求，对学生阅读能力培训有的放矢，才会较快提高学生的阅读理解能力。阅读是学习英语的一个主要途径，对多数人来说，它本身也是一个目的。如果掌握了一定的阅读解题方法，那么阅读能力就会有显著的提高。
（作者单位：武冈市职业中专学校）
一、选择题型阅读理解题
对口升学考试选择题型阅读理解题共三篇，主要考查学生综合运用所学语言知识的能力，包括细节理解、推理判断、词语理解和归纳总结以及对材料的评估能力。
（1）细节理解题主要考查学生识别阅读材料中的具体事实和细节的能力。它常常针对文章中的事实和细节进行提问。这类题目的答案一般都能在阅读材料中找到相应的文字作为验证，这些材料可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或若干个句子。做这类题目时，应该使用寻读法，即读题，然后带着问题阅读短文，从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息。平时训练时，要求学生将文章中谈到的人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等地方做标记，这样回答问题时就可以迅速查找到相关信息，从而达到做题既快速又准确的目标。
以2015年湖南对口招生A篇为例：
A Korean designer，Jeadeon Jeong，has invented a “cartrider”.This idea is to put a shopping cart and a bicycle together.That will add some fun to your weekly shopping！
63.The cartrider can make your shopping more .
A.difficult
B.boring
C.interesting
D.necessary
分析：本题考查细节理解。根据“That will add some fun to your weekly shopping！”这一句，四个选项中，interesting与fun意思相近，所以选C。
（2）推理判断题主要考查学生透过文章的表面文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。这种问题不能从文章中直接找到答案，必须根据上下文及其相互之间的关系对文章表面文字信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，才能做出准确判断，从而找到答案。
以2013年湖南对口招生B篇为例：
Last Friday，Jamie finished his homework after the second class in the morning. He hurried out to play basketball. The playground was wet. After some time his basketball and his hands got dirty. It was 9：45 and ran into the classroom. During the class，Mr.Black，the teacher， told Jamie to write some new words on the black board. Jamie stood in front of the blackboard and started to write. Mr. Black saw his right hand was dirty.
67. When did Jamie play basketball last Friday？
A. After the first class
B. After the third class
C. Between the first and second class.
D. Between the second and the third class
分析：根据文中第一句“Last Friday， Jamie finished his homework after the second class in the morning. He hurried out to play basketball”可知，Jamie是在第二节课后，即第二节和第三节课之间去打篮球的。故选答案D。
（3）主旨大意题要求学生在掌握全文信息的基础上，归纳出文章的主旨大意或中心思想，常针对主题、标题、目的拟题。做这类题目时，应该使用快读法：先通读全文，这样可以使注意力集中于文章的整体思路及要点之间的联系，并且要结合所学的语言知识、背景知识、生活常识等进行逻辑推理，从而对主题进行概括。要求学生做题时，特别要注意仔细阅读文章的开头段和结尾段。
以2012年湖南对口招生C篇为例：
Museums are one of the greatest resources of mankind. When one walks around most cities， small or large， one is sure to fine a museum. Early museums were churches. The artwork and paintings helped people to find a museum， the church and the people that attended it.
……
Since these early museums， many things have changed. Most museums are still places to show art and scientific discoveries， but there are many unusual ones that have been set up over the years. In the famous people Madam Tussard’s museum， there are wax figures of a variety of the history of sex on New York City. Museums have been around for centuries and without doubt they will be there for centuries to come. 75. What is the passage mainly about？
A. Early European explorers
B. A brief history of museum
C. The latest museum in the city
D. The best science museum in the West
分析：根据文中最后一段，可知答案为B。
二、判断题型阅读理解题
对口升学考试判断题型阅读理解题只有一篇，主要考查学生对文章的具体事实、信息的理解能力。训练时，要求学生对似是而非的句子，一定要认真识别，只有完全符合文章意思的方可判定为正确。提醒学生那些意思基本符合却仍有一点不符合文意的句子大多是陷阱，应该判定为错误。同时阅读时不只看语言文字堆积成的语言表象材料，而应该读懂语言背后的意思。
以2013年湖南对口招生题为例：
...Finally， the headmaster closed his book and walked towards the door.
“Thank heavens， he didn’t find me under the sofa！”Thought Bob.
Then Mr. Mason stopped and spoke towards the sofa. “Would you turn off the light when you leave？” He said and left the study.
80. Mr. Mason didn’t find Bob under the sofa.
分析：根据文中“Then Mr. Mason stopped and spoke towards the sofa. ‘Would you turn off the light when you leave？’”就可以推断出，Mr. Mason早就发现了Bob，所以该题答案为F。
三、简答题型阅读理解题
对口升学考试简答题型阅读理解题只有一篇。此题型主要考查学生在阅读理解的基础上用英语进行书面表达的能力。从近五年的考题中可以看出，细节理解题占80%，推理判断题占15%，观点态度题占5%。所以，细节理解题和推理判断题仍然是这类题型的主要考查方式。
（1）细节理解题主要是以how，what，why提问的方式为主，比较容易从文中找到答案，关键是教会学生如何处理、转换信息，从而归纳出问题的答案。
以2013年湖南对口招生题为例：
I started my school life at six. At first the school for me， a boy， meant play， play and more play instead of sitting in the classroom and learning something. However， I changed the way I used to behave at school with the help of my teachers. I tried my best to do well in my schoolwork and follow the school rules.
81. When did the writer start to go to school？
分析：根据文中“I started my school life at six”，可知答案是At six。
（2）训练推理判断题时，主要是要求学生根据文本字面的意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章寓意后再根据问题回答。
以2011年湖南对口招生题为例：
AFRICAN SAFARI PARK
Drive your own car or take the special train. See lions， elephant， tigers without cages.
Open every day 9：00～16：00
Special tickets：$35 for 4 people
82. How much should you pay if eight of you go to the zoo？
分析：根据文中“Special tickets：$35 for 4 people”，可知答案是$70。
总之，面对英语基础差、底子薄的职高生，教师应该吃透对口升学对学生阅读理解能力考查的要求，对学生阅读能力培训有的放矢，才会较快提高学生的阅读理解能力。阅读是学习英语的一个主要途径，对多数人来说，它本身也是一个目的。如果掌握了一定的阅读解题方法，那么阅读能力就会有显著的提高。
（作者单位：武冈市职业中专学校）