乙型肝炎已成为许多国家重要的公共卫生问题。70年代提出研制乙肝疫苗,80年代初广泛使用血源性乙肝疫苗,目前已开始应用重组疫苗。疫苗接种首先应在乙肝病毒(HBV)感染高危人群中进行,如同性恋男子、母亲为带毒者的婴幼儿。在HBV总携带率高的国家或地区,接种计划应包括所有的新生儿,有些国家还应包括卫生保健人员,尤其是经常接触血液的人员,如美国每年约有1～1.5万名卫生保健人员感染HBv,其中约300名最终死于这种感染。给新生儿接种疫苗是控制HBV的主要措施。在乙肝高发区,对超过一定年龄人群的大批接种的效果可能不佳,因为其中多数人已感染HBV。如在非洲,HBV感染率在7岁的人群中 Hepatitis B has become an important public health issue in many countries. 70 years proposed the development of hepatitis B vaccine, the early 1980s extensive use of blood-borne hepatitis B vaccine, has now begun the application of recombinant vaccines. Vaccination should first be carried out in high-risk groups infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), such as homosexual men and mothers with infants who are infected. In countries with high overall HBV carrier rates, vaccination programs should include all newborns and some should include health-care workers, especially those who have frequent contact with the bloodstream. For example, in the United States, about 15,000 health-care workers Infected with HBv, of which about 300 eventually die of this infection. Vaccination of newborns is the mainstay of control of HBV. In high-incidence areas of hepatitis B, the effect of large-scale vaccination of people over a certain age may be poor because most of them have been infected with HBV. In Africa, for example, the rate of HBV infection is in the 7-year-old population