安东尼奥·埃加斯·莫尼斯(Anton io Egas Moniz,1874-1955)(图1)发明了脑血管造影并且在1949年获得诺贝尔奖。Moniz是葡萄牙人,神经内科医师,也是现代神经外科的创始人之一,发明了额叶切除术(lobotomy)。同时,Moniz也是个政治家。1902年Moniz成为神经内科教授,在1903年他成立了一个政党并成为葡萄牙议会的议员,在1917年成为驻西班牙大使,在1918年为葡萄牙外交部部长。同时Moniz继续行医而且教生理学和解剖学。 Antonió Egas Moniz (1874-1955) (Figure 1) invented cerebral angiography and won the Nobel Prize in 1949. Moniz, a Portuguese, neurologist and co-founder of modern neurosurgery, invented lobotomy. At the same time, Moniz is also a politician. In 1902 Moniz became professor of neurology. In 1903 he founded a political party and became a member of the Portuguese Parliament, becoming Ambassador to Spain in 1917 and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Portugal in 1918. At the same time Moniz continued to practice medicine and taught physiology and anatomy.