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冠状病毒是有包膜的单股正链RNA病毒。作为人和动物的重要致病原,冠状病毒感染主要导致宿主呼吸系统、肝脏、胃肠道以及神经系统出现急性或慢性症状。2000年以来,传染性非典型肺炎和中东呼吸综合征的暴发,以及猪流行性腹泻病毒在全球猪群中的暴发流行,引起大家对动物冠状病毒的极大重视。S蛋白具有受体结合活性和膜融合活性,是冠状病毒感染细胞的关键蛋白;S蛋白在病毒的组织或宿主嗜性和毒力等方面发挥重要作用。本文重点对近年来冠状病毒S蛋白的结构、功能以及S蛋白与受体相互作用的研究进行综述,以期为冠状病毒的入侵机制和反向遗传学研究以及受体阻断药物的开发提供参考。
Coronavirus is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. As an important causative agent of humans and animals, coronavirus infection mainly causes acute or chronic symptoms in the respiratory system of the host, the liver, the gastrointestinal tract, and the nervous system. Since 2000, outbreaks of SARS and the Middle East respiratory syndrome, as well as outbreaks of swine porcine epidemic virus in global herds, have drawn great attention to animal coronavirus. S protein has receptor binding activity and membrane fusion activity and is a key protein of coronavirus infected cells. S protein plays an important role in virus organization or host tropism and virulence. This review focuses on the recent studies on the structure and function of the coronavirus S protein and the interaction between S protein and its receptor in order to provide reference for the invasion mechanism and reverse genetics of coronavirus and the development of receptor blockers.