Objective:To examine array of some pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines,namely, interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-10(IL-10),interferon-γ(IFN-γ),interleukin-5(IL-5), interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-12(IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) concentrations in some Nigerians with falciparum malaria.Methods:Sera were obtained from the blood samples of 96 Nigerian children with Plasmodium falciparum infection.The sera were subjected to cytokine evaluation using commercial standard enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits(Abcam,UK).Results:Mean pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum of children with uncomplicated and complicated malaria were IL-5 482.2 pg/mL versus 526.7 pg/mL,IL-6 98.8 pg/mL versus 82.6 pg/mL,IL-12 24.1 pg/mL versus 15.9 pg/mL,TNF-α107 pg/mL versus 511.7 pg/mL and IFN- 7 2.1 pg/mL versus 2.5 pg/mL.The anti-inflammatory cytokines status of IL-4 were 4.7 pg/mL versus 20.3 pg/mL,and IL-10 were 216 pg/mL versus 143.8 pg/mL in uncomplicated versus complicated/severe malaria cases.Participants with uncomplicated malaria had mean parasitaemia level of 3 158.9 parasites/μL while mean parasitaemia level for participants with complicated malaria was 12 550.5 parasite/μL and this difference was statistically significant(χ~2 =5 614.6,P<0.05).The difference between mean haemoglobin level for uncomplicated malaria(9.6 g/dL) and severe malaria(3.9 g/dL) was statistically significant (χ~2 = 2.3,P<0.05).The relationship between serum level of IL-6,IL-12,IFN-γ,IL-10 and IL-4 and ages showed positive correlation at r=0.92,0.99,0.86,0.95 and 0.85,respectively;while IL-5 and TNF-αhad negative correlation at r=-0.99 and -0.99,respectively.Conclusion: IL-4,IL-5,IL-6,IL-10,IL-12,TNF-αand IFN-γare involved in the immunopathology and immunoregulation of uncomplicated and complicated malaria infections.IL-6,IL-12,IFN-γand IL-10 depressed in complicated/severe malaria may not provide any protective immunity and may be indicators of poor prognosis in Plasmodium falciparum infected Nigerian children. Objective: To examine the array of some pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, namely, interleukin-4, interleukin-10, interferon- 5), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor- Nigerian children with Plasmodium falciparum infection. The sera were subjected to cytokine evaluation using commercial standard enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits (Abeam, UK). Results: Mean pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum of children with uncomplicated and complicated malaria were IL-5 482.2 pg / mL versus 526.7 pg / mL, IL-6 98.8 pg / mL versus 82.6 pg / mL, IL-12 24.1 pg / mL versus 15.9 pg / mL, TNF-a 107 pg / mL versus 511.7 pg / mL and IFN- pg / mL versus 2.5 pg / mL. The anti-inflammatory cytokines status of IL-4 were 4.7 pg / mL versus 20.3 pg / mL and IL-10 were 216 pg / mL versus 143.8 pg / mL in uncomplicated versus complicated / severe malaria case s. Participants with uncomplicated malaria had mean parasitaemia level of 3 158.9 parasites / μL while mean parasitaemia level for participants with complicated malaria was 12 550.5 parasite / μL and this difference was statistically significant (χ ~ 2 = 5 614.6, P <0.05). The difference between mean hemoglobin level for uncomplicated malaria (9.6 g / dL) and severe malaria (3.9 g / dL) was statistically significant (χ ~ 2 = 2.3, P < -12, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-4 and ages showed a positive correlation at r = 0.92,0.99,0.86,0.95 and 0.85, respectively; while IL-5 and TNF-αhad negative correlation at r = -0.99 and -0.99, respectively.Conclusion: IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-αand IFN- γare involved in the immunopathology and immunoregulation of uncomplicated and complicated malaria infections. IL-12, IFN-γ and IL-10 depressed in complicated / severe malaria may not provide any protective immunity and may be indicators of poor prognosis in Plasmodium falciparum i nfected Nigerian children